Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays essential signaling
roles in mammalian embryogenesis. Nevertheless, it has long been recognized
that overexposure to vitamin A or retinoic acid causes widespread teratogenesis
in rodents as well as humans. However, the mechanism of its teratogenic
effect is not yet understood. Here, we examined the effects of RA on the fetal
and placental development as an attempt to find the mechanism of its teratogenicity
through inhibition of utero-placental development. The pregnant
mice were divided into three groups: RA treated group, control treated with
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group and control non-treated group. The RA
treated group received 15 mg/kg RA by intraperitoneal injection from 8.5 to
11.5 gestation days. The pregnant mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation
on days 9.5, 10.5, 12.5, 13.5 and 18.5 of gestation. The uteri were isolated, and
the fetuses have been exposed to morphological examination and skeletal
staining. Moreover, histological and immunohistochemical studies on placenta
have been done. Morphologically, we recorded a reduction in the number of
implanted fetuses besides hematoma in different parts of the uteri of the RA
treated animals. Furthermore, RA was found to induce decreases in fetal weight
and length, as well as malformations in the tail, forelimbs and hindlimbs, which
were confirmed by skeletal examination. Interestingly, RA treatment showed
a decrease in the expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)
during placenta development, especially in junctional and labyrinth zones. We
concluded that high dose of RA may have a direct teratogenic effect on the
fetus besides an indirect effect through modulating EGFR signal during the
placenta development.

In the present paper, we introduce fuzzifying soft topology which is defined over an initial universe with a fixed set of parameters. The notions of fuzzifying soft closed sets, fuzzifying soft neighborhood system of a soft point, fuzzifying soft derived, fuzzifying soft closure, and fuzzifying soft interior are introduced and their basic properties are investigated. Furthermore, we define the notions of fuzzifying soft θ-neighborhood system of a soft point, fuzzifying soft θ-derived, fuzzifying soft θ-closure, and fuzzifying soft θ-interior and investigate their properties. Finally, a fuzzifying soft continuity, a fuzzifying soft strong θ-continuity, and fuzzifying soft θ-continuity are given and some of their basic properties are studied.

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In this article, the problem of obtaining Bayesian prediction bounds for some certain order statistics in samples from the (Gomp(α, β)) distribution has been studied in the presence of outlier arising from different members of the same family of distributions. By using a bivariate prior density for α and β a single outlier of types β β0 and β + β0 are obtained. Markov Chain Monte carlo (MCMC) has been used to obtain Bayesian prediction intervals for both single outliers of types β β0 and β + β0. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the procedure.
 

In this article, Burr type-XII distribution (BXIID) is employed to make one- and two-sample Bayesian prediction schemes for future order statistics and record values in case of adaptive progressive type-II censoring scheme (APTIICS). Real data set are presented as an application. Also, some numerical computations using simulated data from the underlying distribution in case of ATIIPCS are obtained.

Industries are constantly seeking ways to avoid corrective maintenance in order to reduce costs. Performing regular scheduled maintenance can help to mitigate this problem, but not necessarily in the most efficient way. In many real-life applications, one wants to predict the future failure time of equipment or devices that are expensive, or with long lifetimes, to save costs and/or time. In this paper, the statistical prediction was studied using the classical and Bayesian approaches based on a unified hybrid censoring scheme. Two prediction schemes were used: (1) a one-sample prediction scheme that predicted the unobserved future failure times of devices that did not complete the lifetime experiments; and (2) a two-sample prediction scheme to predict the ordered values of a future independent sample based on past data from a certain distribution. We chose to apply the results of the paper to the Burr-X model, due to the importance of this model in many fields, such as engineering, health, agriculture, and biology. Point and interval predictors of unobserved failure times under one- and two-sample prediction schemes were computed based on simulated data sets and two engineering applications. The results demonstrate the ability of predicting the future failure of equipment using a statistical prediction branch based on collected data from an engineering system.
 

In this paper, the identifiability property has been studied for a suggested truncated type-I generalized logistic mixture model which is denoted by(TTIGL). A suggested form of the EM algorithm has been applied on type-II progressive censored samples to obtain the maximum likelihood estimates(MLE′s) of the parameters, survival function(SF), and hazard rate function(HRF)of the studied mixture model. Monte Carlo simulation algorithm has been applied to study the behavior of the mean squares errors (MSE′s)of the estimates. Also, a comparative study is conducted between the suggested EM algorithm and the ordinary algorithm of maximizing the likelihood function, which depends on the differentiation of the log-likelihood function. The results of this paper have been applied on a real dataset as an application.
 

In this paper, a new unified progressive hybrid censoring scheme(UPHCS) has been constructed. This unified censoring scheme covers eleven famous censoring schemes. The estimation problem of Burr-X distribution parameters has been studied using the maximum likelihood and Bayes approaches based on the suggested unified progressive hybrid censored samples. Two real data sets have been used as illustrative engineering examples.
 

Over the last few decades, extensive research has been conducted, yielding a detailed account of thousands of newly discovered compounds of natural origin and their biological activities, all of which have the potential to be used for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. There are multiple research papers denoting the central objective of chalcones, which have been shown to have therapeutic potential against various forms of ischemia. The various aspects of chalcones are discussed in this review regarding molecular mechanisms involved in the promising anti-ischemic potential of these chalcones. The main mechanisms involved in these protective effects are Nrf2/Akt activation and NF-κB/TLR4 suppression. Furthermore, in-silico studies were carried out to discover the probable binding of these chalcones to Keap-1 (an inhibitor of Nrf2), Akt, NF-κB, and TLR4 protein molecules. Besides, network pharmacology analysis was conducted to predict the interacting partners of these signals. The obtained results indicated that Nrf2, Akt, NF-κB, and TLR4 are involved in the beneficial anti-ischemic actions of chalcones. Conclusively, the present findings show that chalcones as anti-ischemic agents have a valid rationale. The discussed studies will provide a comprehensive viewpoint on chalcones and can help to optimize their effects in different ischemia.

In the present paper, we continue studying generalized fuzzy soft topological
spaces. We first introduce generalized fuzzy soft p−cover and utilize it to define
a new type of generalized fuzzy soft compact topological spaces so-called a generalized
fuzzy soft p∗−compact topological spaces which is a generalization of compactness in
fuzzy soft topological spaces in [27]. In fact, a generalized fuzzy soft p∗−compact topological space is more general than generalized fuzzy soft compact spaces in [17]. In
general, we investigate some basic results, relations and properties of generalized fuzzy
soft p∗−compact space and provide some illustrative examples.

In the study of partially ordered sets, topologies such as Scott-topology have shown to be of paramount importance. In order to have analogous topology-like tools in the more general setting of quantitative domains, we introduce a method to construct Scott-topology on a set equipped with a transitive binary relation which we call a t-set. As an application of this result, there is a Scott-topology associated with any topology induced by its specialization pre-ordered relation. Some relations between this topology and the original topology are investigated.