The kinetics of oxidation of iota- and lambda-carrageenan as sulfated carbohydrates by permanganate
ion in aqueous perchlorate solutions at a constant ionic strength of 2.0 mol dm3 have been investigated
spectrophotometrically. The pseudo-first-order plots were found to be of inverted S-shape throughout
the entire courses of reactions. The initial rates were found to be relatively slow in the early stages, followed
by an increase in the oxidation rates over longer time periods. The experimental observations
showed first-order dependences in permanganate and fractional first-order kinetics with respect to both
carrageenans concentration for both the induction and autoacceleration periods. The results obtained at
various hydrogen ion concentrations showed that the oxidation processes in these redox systems are
acid-catalyzed throughout the two stages of oxidation reactions. The added salts lead to the prediction
that MnIII is the reactive species throughout the autoacceleration periods. Kinetic evidence for the formation
of 1:1 intermediate complexes was revealed. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated and tentative
reaction mechanisms in good agreement with the kinetic results are discussed.

The kinetics of oxidation of iota- and lambda-carrageenan as sulfated carbohydrates by permanganate
ion in aqueous perchlorate solutions at a constant ionic strength of 2.0 mol dm3 have been investigated
spectrophotometrically. The pseudo-first-order plots were found to be of inverted S-shape throughout
the entire courses of reactions. The initial rates were found to be relatively slow in the early stages, followed
by an increase in the oxidation rates over longer time periods. The experimental observations
showed first-order dependences in permanganate and fractional first-order kinetics with respect to both
carrageenans concentration for both the induction and autoacceleration periods. The results obtained at
various hydrogen ion concentrations showed that the oxidation processes in these redox systems are
acid-catalyzed throughout the two stages of oxidation reactions. The added salts lead to the prediction
that MnIII is the reactive species throughout the autoacceleration periods. Kinetic evidence for the formation
of 1:1 intermediate complexes was revealed. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated and tentative
reaction mechanisms in good agreement with the kinetic results are discussed.

The kinetics of oxidation of iota- and lambda-carrageenan as sulfated carbohydrates by permanganate
ion in aqueous perchlorate solutions at a constant ionic strength of 2.0 mol dm3 have been investigated
spectrophotometrically. The pseudo-first-order plots were found to be of inverted S-shape throughout
the entire courses of reactions. The initial rates were found to be relatively slow in the early stages, followed
by an increase in the oxidation rates over longer time periods. The experimental observations
showed first-order dependences in permanganate and fractional first-order kinetics with respect to both
carrageenans concentration for both the induction and autoacceleration periods. The results obtained at
various hydrogen ion concentrations showed that the oxidation processes in these redox systems are
acid-catalyzed throughout the two stages of oxidation reactions. The added salts lead to the prediction
that MnIII is the reactive species throughout the autoacceleration periods. Kinetic evidence for the formation
of 1:1 intermediate complexes was revealed. The kinetic parameters have been evaluated and tentative
reaction mechanisms in good agreement with the kinetic results are discussed.

Tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) was found to be an efficient phase-transfer catalyst for
the synthesis of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines by one-pot reaction of 6-aminouracils, aromatic aldehydes,
and malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in water under ultrasonic irradiation. The advantages of this
method are the use of an inexpensive and readily available catalyst, short reaction time, easy work-up,
improved yields, and the use of water as a solvent that is environmentally benign.

Regioselective synthesis of some new dispiro[indane-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',3"-indoline]-1,2",3-
triones (4a-j) has been generated by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 2-arylidene-indan-1,3-
diones (1a-j) as dipolarophiles with non-stabilized azomethine ylides, generated in situ via
decarboxylative condensation of isatin (2) and sarcosine (3). Anti-inflammatory activity of the
prepared compounds (4a-j) was determined in vivo by the acute carrageenan-induced paw edema
in rats. Many of the prepared compounds exhibit considerable anti-inflammatory properties "at a
dose of 10 mg/kg body weight", especially (4b) and (4c) which reveal promising activities relative
to indomethacin which was used as a reference standard in this study.

Regioselective synthesis of some new dispiro[indane-2,3'-pyrrolidine-2',3"-indoline]-1,2",3-
triones (4a-j) has been generated by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 2-arylidene-indan-1,3-
diones (1a-j) as dipolarophiles with non-stabilized azomethine ylides, generated in situ via
decarboxylative condensation of isatin (2) and sarcosine (3). Anti-inflammatory activity of the
prepared compounds (4a-j) was determined in vivo by the acute carrageenan-induced paw edema
in rats. Many of the prepared compounds exhibit considerable anti-inflammatory properties "at a
dose of 10 mg/kg body weight", especially (4b) and (4c) which reveal promising activities relative
to indomethacin which was used as a reference standard in this study.

Whey protein concentrates (WPCs) enhance innate mucosal immunity during early life and have a protective role in some immune disorders. To further
elucidate the potential benefits of this protein, the present study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with WPCs on blood parameters, plasma
cytokine profiles, and immune cell proliferation and chemotaxis. A total of 45 male mice were equally distributed into three experimental groups and treated
daily for 21 days as follows: group I was a control group that was orally supplemented with distilled water, group II was orally supplemented with undenatured
WP (100 mg/kg body weight), and group III was orally supplemented with bovine serum albumin (100 mg/kg body weight). We found that the plasma cytokine
levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α and the levels of reactive oxygen species, cholesterol, triglycerides and the lipid profile
were significantly decreased in the WP-treated group compared to the control group. In contrast, the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8 and glutathione were
significantly elevated, and consequently, the ability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to proliferate in response to stimulation with different antigens was
significantly increased in the WP-treated group. Moreover, the in vitro chemotaxis of B, T and bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells toward CC chemokine ligand-
21 and CXC chemokine ligand-12 was significantly increased, by twofold, in WP-treated mice compared to the control group. Taken together, our data reveal
the benefits of WP supplementation in enhancing immune cell proliferation and migration to the secondary lymphoid organs.
© 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Long and persistent uncontrolled diabetes tends to
degenerate the immune system and increase the
incidence of infections in diabetic patients. A serious
complication of diabetes is impaired healing, which
diminishes physical activity and, in some cases, leads
to chronic wounds and limb amputation. Whey
proteins (WPs) enhance immunity during early
development and have a protective role in some
immune disorders. The effect of camel WPs on wound
healing in a streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic
mice model was investigated. Sixty male mice were
equally distributed into 3 experimental groups: group
1, non-diabetic control mice; group 2, diabetic mice;
and group 3, diabetic mice that were orally
supplemented with undenatured WP (100 mg/kg body
weight/day for 1 month through oral gavage). We
observed that the diabetic mice exhibited delayed
wound closure characterized by a significant reduction
in collagen deposition, prolonged elevation in
inflammatory cytokines, aberrant activation of STAT3
and reduction in the activation of Akt and NF-κB when compared with the control mice. Moreover, in the
diabetic mice, the wound-resident macrophages were
dysfunctional and demonstrated increased apoptosis,
a significant reduction in their phagocytotic ability,
aberrant activation of STAT3 and a marked reduction
in the activation of Akt. Interestingly, the supplementation
of diabetic mice with WP significantly enhanced
the collagen deposition, limited the inflammatory
stimuli, restored the activation of STAT3, Akt and NF-
κB and greatly improved the closure of diabetic
wounds compared with the control mice. Most
important, the supplementation of diabetic mice with
WP rescued functional, long-lived wound-resident
macrophages. Our data reveal the benefits of WP
supplementation in improving the healing and closure
of diabetic wounds.