urea as a combustion fuel. The fabrication was carried out by refluxing a mixture of cobalt nitrate and urea followed by calcination, for 3 h in static air atmosphere, at 400 °C. The thermal genesis of the Co3O4 was explored by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses in air atmosphere in the temperature range 25-1000 °C. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the Co3O4. The obtained results conrmed that the resulting oxides were comprised of pure single-crystalline Co3O4 nanoparticles. Moreover, various comparison experiments showed that several experimental parameters, such as the reflux time and the urea/cobalt nitrate molar ratio, play important roles in the crystallite size as well as the morphological control of Co3O4 powders. Consequently, the minimum crystallite size can be obtained at 12 h reflux and a urea/cobalt nitrate molar ratio of 5.

urea as a combustion fuel. The fabrication was carried out by refluxing a mixture of cobalt nitrate and urea followed by calcination, for 3 h in static air atmosphere, at 400 °C. The thermal genesis of the Co3O4 was explored by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses in air atmosphere in the temperature range 25-1000 °C. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the Co3O4. The obtained results conrmed that the resulting oxides were comprised of pure single-crystalline Co3O4 nanoparticles. Moreover, various comparison experiments showed that several experimental parameters, such as the reflux time and the urea/cobalt nitrate molar ratio, play important roles in the crystallite size as well as the morphological control of Co3O4 powders. Consequently, the minimum crystallite size can be obtained at 12 h reflux and a urea/cobalt nitrate molar ratio of 5.

urea as a combustion fuel. The fabrication was carried out by refluxing a mixture of cobalt nitrate and urea followed by calcination, for 3 h in static air atmosphere, at 400 °C. The thermal genesis of the Co3O4 was explored by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses in air atmosphere in the temperature range 25-1000 °C. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the Co3O4. The obtained results conrmed that the resulting oxides were comprised of pure single-crystalline Co3O4 nanoparticles. Moreover, various comparison experiments showed that several experimental parameters, such as the reflux time and the urea/cobalt nitrate molar ratio, play important roles in the crystallite size as well as the morphological control of Co3O4 powders. Consequently, the minimum crystallite size can be obtained at 12 h reflux and a urea/cobalt nitrate molar ratio of 5.

Cobalt oxide nano-particles were prepared by combustion method using urea as a combustion fuel. The effects of calcination temperature, 350–1000 ◦C, on the physicochemical, surface and catalytic properties of the prepared Co3O4 nano-particles were studied. The products were characterized by thermal analyses (TGA & DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Textural features of the obtained catalysts were investigated using nitrogen adsorption at −196 ◦C. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the resulting oxide was pure single-crystalline Co3O4 nano-particles. Transmission electron microscopy indicating that, the crystallite size of Co3O4 nano-crystals was in the range of 8–34 nm. The catalytic activities of prepared nano-crystalline Co3O4 catalysts were tested for H2O2 decomposition at 35–50 ◦C temperature range. Experimental results revealed that, the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 decreases with increasing the calcination temperature. This was correlated with the observed particle size increase accompanying the calcination temperature rise.

Cobalt oxide nano-particles were prepared by combustion method using urea as a combustion fuel. The effects of calcination temperature, 350–1000 ◦C, on the physicochemical, surface and catalytic properties of the prepared Co3O4 nano-particles were studied. The products were characterized by thermal analyses (TGA & DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Textural features of the obtained catalysts were investigated using nitrogen adsorption at −196 ◦C. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the resulting oxide was pure single-crystalline Co3O4 nano-particles. Transmission electron microscopy indicating that, the crystallite size of Co3O4 nano-crystals was in the range of 8–34 nm. The catalytic activities of prepared nano-crystalline Co3O4 catalysts were tested for H2O2 decomposition at 35–50 ◦C temperature range. Experimental results revealed that, the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 decreases with increasing the calcination temperature. This was correlated with the observed particle size increase accompanying the calcination temperature rise.

Cobalt oxide nano-particles were prepared by combustion method using urea as a combustion fuel. The effects of calcination temperature, 350–1000 ◦C, on the physicochemical, surface and catalytic properties of the prepared Co3O4 nano-particles were studied. The products were characterized by thermal analyses (TGA & DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Textural features of the obtained catalysts were investigated using nitrogen adsorption at −196 ◦C. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the resulting oxide was pure single-crystalline Co3O4 nano-particles. Transmission electron microscopy indicating that, the crystallite size of Co3O4 nano-crystals was in the range of 8–34 nm. The catalytic activities of prepared nano-crystalline Co3O4 catalysts were tested for H2O2 decomposition at 35–50 ◦C temperature range. Experimental results revealed that, the catalytic decomposition of H2O2 decreases with increasing the calcination temperature. This was correlated with the observed particle size increase accompanying the calcination temperature rise.

Liquid crystalline behavior of polymeric materials is of considerable current interest in the last decades, but due to many different and distinct characteristics. Polyazomethines liquid crystalline polymers have received considerable attention due to their potential applications and considered as one of the most important liquid crystalline material produced. This review gives a simple introduction to liquid crystalline materials including definition and classification. Moreover, we will focus on the syntheses and properties of liquid crystalline polyazomethines with flexible spacers or hybrid liquid crystalline polyazomethines. Furthermore, give a general overview of thermotropic, mesophoric properties and texture observation for desired liquid crystalline polyazomethines were shown in details.

Liquid crystalline behavior of polymeric materials is of considerable current interest in the last decades, but due to many different and distinct characteristics. Polyazomethines liquid crystalline polymers have received considerable attention due to their potential applications and considered as one of the most important liquid crystalline material produced. This review gives a simple introduction to liquid crystalline materials including definition and classification. Moreover, we will focus on the syntheses and properties of liquid crystalline polyazomethines with flexible spacers or hybrid liquid crystalline polyazomethines. Furthermore, give a general overview of thermotropic, mesophoric properties and texture observation for desired liquid crystalline polyazomethines were shown in details.

Liquid crystalline behavior of polymeric materials is of considerable current interest in the last decades, but due to many different and distinct characteristics. Polyazomethines liquid crystalline polymers have received considerable attention due to their potential applications and considered as one of the most important liquid crystalline material produced. This review gives a simple introduction to liquid crystalline materials including definition and classification. Moreover, we will focus on the syntheses and properties of liquid crystalline polyazomethines with flexible spacers or hybrid liquid crystalline polyazomethines. Furthermore, give a general overview of thermotropic, mesophoric properties and texture observation for desired liquid crystalline polyazomethines were shown in details.