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BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract has been widely used worldwide to protect against oxidative stress-induced cell damage and improves blood circulation. METHODS: The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by L-NAME. RESULT: Repeated treatment with EGb761 produced progressive reductions in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Also, EGb761 increased the progressive reductions in blood pressure induced by losartan. Hypertension-induced marked elevation of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) level were inhibited by EGb761. In addition, hypertension-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) levels in renal tissues were inhibited by EGb761. Also, treatment with EGb761 inhibited hypertension-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B in the kidney tissues. EGb761 enhanced losartan effects on renal tissues oxidative stress, nitrite, and inflammatory markers levels and on protein expressions of eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B. effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that EGb761 has the ability to protect against hypertension-induced renal injury.

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract has been widely used worldwide to protect against oxidative stress-induced cell damage and improves blood circulation. METHODS: The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by L-NAME. RESULT: Repeated treatment with EGb761 produced progressive reductions in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Also, EGb761 increased the progressive reductions in blood pressure induced by losartan. Hypertension-induced marked elevation of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) level were inhibited by EGb761. In addition, hypertension-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) levels in renal tissues were inhibited by EGb761. Also, treatment with EGb761 inhibited hypertension-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B in the kidney tissues. EGb761 enhanced losartan effects on renal tissues oxidative stress, nitrite, and inflammatory markers levels and on protein expressions of eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B. effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that EGb761 has the ability to protect against hypertension-induced renal injury.

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract has been widely used worldwide to protect against oxidative stress-induced cell damage and improves blood circulation. METHODS: The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by L-NAME. RESULT: Repeated treatment with EGb761 produced progressive reductions in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Also, EGb761 increased the progressive reductions in blood pressure induced by losartan. Hypertension-induced marked elevation of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) level were inhibited by EGb761. In addition, hypertension-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) levels in renal tissues were inhibited by EGb761. Also, treatment with EGb761 inhibited hypertension-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B in the kidney tissues. EGb761 enhanced losartan effects on renal tissues oxidative stress, nitrite, and inflammatory markers levels and on protein expressions of eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B. effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that EGb761 has the ability to protect against hypertension-induced renal injury.

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba leaves extract has been widely used worldwide to protect against oxidative stress-induced cell damage and improves blood circulation. METHODS: The potential protective role of the standardized leaf extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb761) on hypertension-induced renal injury was investigated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by L-NAME. RESULT: Repeated treatment with EGb761 produced progressive reductions in the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure. Also, EGb761 increased the progressive reductions in blood pressure induced by losartan. Hypertension-induced marked elevation of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels and reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) level were inhibited by EGb761. In addition, hypertension-induced increases in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)) levels in renal tissues were inhibited by EGb761. Also, treatment with EGb761 inhibited hypertension-induced decrease in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and increase in the protein expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B in the kidney tissues. EGb761 enhanced losartan effects on renal tissues oxidative stress, nitrite, and inflammatory markers levels and on protein expressions of eNOS, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1B. effects. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that EGb761 has the ability to protect against hypertension-induced renal injury.

Background: Co-occurrence of carbapenem and fluoroquinolone resistance amongst K. pneumoniae strains created a problem in treating infections caused by these MDR organisms. Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the co-existence of carbapenemases and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in K. pneumoniae isolates in Egypt. Methodology: Forty-three K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from patients admitted to various intensive care units at Assiut University Hospital. Genes encoding for carbapenemases and PMQR were detected by PCR and sequencing. To determine the horizontal transfer of the PMQR and /or carbapenemases positive plasmids, conjugation experiments were performed. Results: Carbapenemases were detected in 34/43 (79.1%) of K. pneumoniae isolates. The positive rates of blaKPC and blaNDM1 were (48.8%) and (74.4%), respectively. PMQR determinants were detected in 100% of K. pneumoniae isolates. The positive rates of qnrB, qnrS and aac(6`)-Ib-cr were (83.7 %), (81.4 %) and (23.3%), respectively. bla NDM1 positive K. pneumoniae positive isolates co-harbored qnr S, qnrB and aac(6`)-Ib-cr at rates of (87.5%), (81.3%) and (25%) respectively, while (90.5%), (85.7%) and (9.5%) of blaKPC positive isolates co-harbored qnrS, qnrB and aac(6`)-Ib-cr, respectively. qnrB and qnrS exhibited statistically significant association with blaKPC and blaNDM1 (p0.001). Conclusion: Our study revealed high rate of co-existence of carbapenemases and PMQR determinants in K. pneumoniae isolates in Egypt. To our best of knowledge, this is the first study to report the presence of a statistically significant relation between carbapenemases and PMQR.