The aim of this research is to describe correlation between urea concentration in the serum and aqueous humor and development of age related cataract. This is a cross sectional analytical study conducted in the departments of Ophthalmology and internal medicine, Assiut University. patients with age related cortical cataract who are otherwise healthy (cases) and two control groups; first systemically healthy subjects with ocular diseases other than cataract and a second control group of patients with impaired renal functions and are not on dialysis treatment and thus have elevated serum urea levels were included. Slit lamp examination was performed to evaluate crystalline lens for opacities. Measurement of serum urea was done for all study subjects. Aqueous humor urea concentration was done only for the group of patients who are planned to have intraocular surge A significantly higher urea concentration was found in the group with clear lenses (P= 0.035) compared to subjects who have cortical cataracts. Even if we look at healthy people alone and exclude the group of uremic patients, a significantly higher serum urea level was also found in patients with clear lens (p=0.028). Aqueous humor levels of urea were found to be correlated with serum urea levels (r= 0.78). Our data shows that a significantly lower urea concentration is found in serum and aqueous humor of patients who have cataracts compared to patients who don't have cataract.

The aim of this research is to describe correlation between urea concentration in the serum and aqueous humor and development of age related cataract. This is a cross sectional analytical study conducted in the departments of Ophthalmology and internal medicine, Assiut University. patients with age related cortical cataract who are otherwise healthy (cases) and two control groups; first systemically healthy subjects with ocular diseases other than cataract and a second control group of patients with impaired renal functions and are not on dialysis treatment and thus have elevated serum urea levels were included. Slit lamp examination was performed to evaluate crystalline lens for opacities. Measurement of serum urea was done for all study subjects. Aqueous humor urea concentration was done only for the group of patients who are planned to have intraocular surge A significantly higher urea concentration was found in the group with clear lenses (P= 0.035) compared to subjects who have cortical cataracts. Even if we look at healthy people alone and exclude the group of uremic patients, a significantly higher serum urea level was also found in patients with clear lens (p=0.028). Aqueous humor levels of urea were found to be correlated with serum urea levels (r= 0.78). Our data shows that a significantly lower urea concentration is found in serum and aqueous humor of patients who have cataracts compared to patients who don't have cataract.

The aim of this research is to describe correlation between urea concentration in the serum and aqueous humor and development of age related cataract. This is a cross sectional analytical study conducted in the departments of Ophthalmology and internal medicine, Assiut University. patients with age related cortical cataract who are otherwise healthy (cases) and two control groups; first systemically healthy subjects with ocular diseases other than cataract and a second control group of patients with impaired renal functions and are not on dialysis treatment and thus have elevated serum urea levels were included. Slit lamp examination was performed to evaluate crystalline lens for opacities. Measurement of serum urea was done for all study subjects. Aqueous humor urea concentration was done only for the group of patients who are planned to have intraocular surge A significantly higher urea concentration was found in the group with clear lenses (P= 0.035) compared to subjects who have cortical cataracts. Even if we look at healthy people alone and exclude the group of uremic patients, a significantly higher serum urea level was also found in patients with clear lens (p=0.028). Aqueous humor levels of urea were found to be correlated with serum urea levels (r= 0.78). Our data shows that a significantly lower urea concentration is found in serum and aqueous humor of patients who have cataracts compared to patients who don't have cataract.

The aim of this research is to describe correlation between urea concentration in the serum and aqueous humor and development of age related cataract. This is a cross sectional analytical study conducted in the departments of Ophthalmology and internal medicine, Assiut University. patients with age related cortical cataract who are otherwise healthy (cases) and two control groups; first systemically healthy subjects with ocular diseases other than cataract and a second control group of patients with impaired renal functions and are not on dialysis treatment and thus have elevated serum urea levels were included. Slit lamp examination was performed to evaluate crystalline lens for opacities. Measurement of serum urea was done for all study subjects. Aqueous humor urea concentration was done only for the group of patients who are planned to have intraocular surge A significantly higher urea concentration was found in the group with clear lenses (P= 0.035) compared to subjects who have cortical cataracts. Even if we look at healthy people alone and exclude the group of uremic patients, a significantly higher serum urea level was also found in patients with clear lens (p=0.028). Aqueous humor levels of urea were found to be correlated with serum urea levels (r= 0.78). Our data shows that a significantly lower urea concentration is found in serum and aqueous humor of patients who have cataracts compared to patients who don't have cataract.

The aim of this research is to describe correlation between urea concentration in the serum and aqueous humor and development of age related cataract. This is a cross sectional analytical study conducted in the departments of Ophthalmology and internal medicine, Assiut University. patients with age related cortical cataract who are otherwise healthy (cases) and two control groups; first systemically healthy subjects with ocular diseases other than cataract and a second control group of patients with impaired renal functions and are not on dialysis treatment and thus have elevated serum urea levels were included. Slit lamp examination was performed to evaluate crystalline lens for opacities. Measurement of serum urea was done for all study subjects. Aqueous humor urea concentration was done only for the group of patients who are planned to have intraocular surge A significantly higher urea concentration was found in the group with clear lenses (P= 0.035) compared to subjects who have cortical cataracts. Even if we look at healthy people alone and exclude the group of uremic patients, a significantly higher serum urea level was also found in patients with clear lens (p=0.028). Aqueous humor levels of urea were found to be correlated with serum urea levels (r= 0.78). Our data shows that a significantly lower urea concentration is found in serum and aqueous humor of patients who have cataracts compared to patients who don't have cataract.

Background/Aim: Our research hypothesis is that long-term acid suppression can lead to higher susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection due to defective gastric acid barrier. Our study aim was to determine the prevalence of long-term acid suppressive therapy use among patients with Mtb infection and to explore its contribution to the development of infection. Patients and Methods: A case-control study included 264 patients with newly diagnosed, pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB, consecutively, and an equal number of normal subjects as a control group. For all the enrolled, clinical evaluation (medical history and physical examination), abdominal ultrasonography, chest radiography, and laboratory evaluation were provided. Long-term use of acid suppressive therapy was defined as the use for three months or more, during the year preceding the diagnosis of TB. Results: The study groups were matching regarding age and gender. The most frequent type was pulmonary TB (65.2%). Omeprazole was the most frequently used acid suppressive agent (39.6%). Factors associated with Mtb infection were diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, long-term corticosteroids use, long-term acid suppressive therapy, liver cirrhosis, renal failure, and congestive heart failure. After adjusting for the cofounding variables, long-term acid suppressive therapy had adjusted or of 2.1 (95% CI 1.4-6.1; p 0.024) for its use among the study cases. Conclusions: In conclusion, the wide use of acid suppressive therapy for long durations (especially PPI) can make the patients more vulnerable to infection with Mtb.

Background: Although obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been associated with chronic kidney disease CKD, there are little data about early screening of renal affection in OSAS patients. Aim of the work: To evaluate renal function in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) using blood indices [mean platelet volume (MPV) and red cell distribution width (RDW)] and serum neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as early markers of kidney injury. Patients and methods: This case control analytic study was designed to enroll 20 OSAS patients with DM, 20 OSAS patients without DM, and 20 non OSAS diabetic patients as control group. All patients underwent full over-night attended diagnostic polysomnography. Those with AHI
5 were considered to have OSAS. Laboratory parameters including complete blood count with MPV and RDW, serum glucose, urea, creatinine, Hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR and serum NGAL were done to all enrolled participants. Results: Urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR
3 mg/mmol was found in 11 (55%) of OSAS diabetic group, 6 (30%) of non diabetic OSAS group and in 11 (55%) of D.M group. Both diabetic and non diabetic OSAS patients had significantly higher RDW and NGAL compared to non OSAS diabetic. The diabetic OSAS group had also significantly higher serum urea and creatinine compared to DM group. In OSAS patients, RDW had significant positive correlation with UACR. Meanwhile both RDW and NGAL were determined to have significant positive correlation with desaturation index during sleep, but not correlated to AHI. Conclusion: Renal impairment is common in OSAS patients but more frequent if associated with diabetes mellitus. RDW% can be used as simple screening test for early detection of renal injury in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus.

Background: Although obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been associated with chronic kidney disease CKD, there are little data about early screening of renal affection in OSAS patients. Aim of the work: To evaluate renal function in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) using blood indices [mean platelet volume (MPV) and red cell distribution width (RDW)] and serum neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as early markers of kidney injury. Patients and methods: This case control analytic study was designed to enroll 20 OSAS patients with DM, 20 OSAS patients without DM, and 20 non OSAS diabetic patients as control group. All patients underwent full over-night attended diagnostic polysomnography. Those with AHI
5 were considered to have OSAS. Laboratory parameters including complete blood count with MPV and RDW, serum glucose, urea, creatinine, Hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR and serum NGAL were done to all enrolled participants. Results: Urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR
3 mg/mmol was found in 11 (55%) of OSAS diabetic group, 6 (30%) of non diabetic OSAS group and in 11 (55%) of D.M group. Both diabetic and non diabetic OSAS patients had significantly higher RDW and NGAL compared to non OSAS diabetic. The diabetic OSAS group had also significantly higher serum urea and creatinine compared to DM group. In OSAS patients, RDW had significant positive correlation with UACR. Meanwhile both RDW and NGAL were determined to have significant positive correlation with desaturation index during sleep, but not correlated to AHI. Conclusion: Renal impairment is common in OSAS patients but more frequent if associated with diabetes mellitus. RDW% can be used as simple screening test for early detection of renal injury in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus.

Background: Although obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been associated with chronic kidney disease CKD, there are little data about early screening of renal affection in OSAS patients. Aim of the work: To evaluate renal function in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) using blood indices [mean platelet volume (MPV) and red cell distribution width (RDW)] and serum neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as early markers of kidney injury. Patients and methods: This case control analytic study was designed to enroll 20 OSAS patients with DM, 20 OSAS patients without DM, and 20 non OSAS diabetic patients as control group. All patients underwent full over-night attended diagnostic polysomnography. Those with AHI
5 were considered to have OSAS. Laboratory parameters including complete blood count with MPV and RDW, serum glucose, urea, creatinine, Hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR and serum NGAL were done to all enrolled participants. Results: Urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR
3 mg/mmol was found in 11 (55%) of OSAS diabetic group, 6 (30%) of non diabetic OSAS group and in 11 (55%) of D.M group. Both diabetic and non diabetic OSAS patients had significantly higher RDW and NGAL compared to non OSAS diabetic. The diabetic OSAS group had also significantly higher serum urea and creatinine compared to DM group. In OSAS patients, RDW had significant positive correlation with UACR. Meanwhile both RDW and NGAL were determined to have significant positive correlation with desaturation index during sleep, but not correlated to AHI. Conclusion: Renal impairment is common in OSAS patients but more frequent if associated with diabetes mellitus. RDW% can be used as simple screening test for early detection of renal injury in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus.

Background: Although obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) has been associated with chronic kidney disease CKD, there are little data about early screening of renal affection in OSAS patients. Aim of the work: To evaluate renal function in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus (DM) using blood indices [mean platelet volume (MPV) and red cell distribution width (RDW)] and serum neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as early markers of kidney injury. Patients and methods: This case control analytic study was designed to enroll 20 OSAS patients with DM, 20 OSAS patients without DM, and 20 non OSAS diabetic patients as control group. All patients underwent full over-night attended diagnostic polysomnography. Those with AHI
5 were considered to have OSAS. Laboratory parameters including complete blood count with MPV and RDW, serum glucose, urea, creatinine, Hemoglobin A1c, urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR and serum NGAL were done to all enrolled participants. Results: Urine albumin creatinine ratio UACR
3 mg/mmol was found in 11 (55%) of OSAS diabetic group, 6 (30%) of non diabetic OSAS group and in 11 (55%) of D.M group. Both diabetic and non diabetic OSAS patients had significantly higher RDW and NGAL compared to non OSAS diabetic. The diabetic OSAS group had also significantly higher serum urea and creatinine compared to DM group. In OSAS patients, RDW had significant positive correlation with UACR. Meanwhile both RDW and NGAL were determined to have significant positive correlation with desaturation index during sleep, but not correlated to AHI. Conclusion: Renal impairment is common in OSAS patients but more frequent if associated with diabetes mellitus. RDW% can be used as simple screening test for early detection of renal injury in OSAS patients with or without diabetes mellitus.