Analysis of hair for drugs has been increasingly utilized, and being progressively admitted by the courts to support evidences in forensic and drug related cases. The present study was designed to determine the time course of carbamazepine in hair and serum of rats after a single administration of different doses, to find the correlation between the dose and levels of the drug in hair and serum and to evaluate the relationship between serum and hair levels of carbamazepine in rats to be applied clinically later on .To determine the time course of carbamazepine in hair, sixty rats were divided into three equal groups. Each rat in the first, second and third groups were orally given a single dose of carbamazepine equals to one, five and ten times the therapeutic dose respectively. Hair and serum samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography before and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 24 hours and daily for 15 days after carbamazepine administration. In the first group, carbamazepine could be detected in hair after four hours of its administration, reached maximum after nine hours, and then gradually declined. The drug could not be detected after 5 days of administration. The same course in the second group, but with higher concentration than the first group. It could not be detected after eight days. In the third group, the drug could be detected in hair after one hour of its administration, reached maximum after four hours, and then gradually decreased until it could not be detected after eight days of administration. The results showed that time course was affected by the dose and there was a significant correlation between the dose and concentration in hair (r = 0.5, P0.0004). The drug could be detected in hair at a time when concentrations in other biological specimens (blood and urine) are not detectable. To evaluate the relationship between serum and hair levels of carbamazepine ,120 albino rats of both sexes were divided into two portions: the first was the treated group (80 rats) , subdivided into four equal groups ( 20 rats each ) were given the therapeutic oral dose of carbamazepine once daily for one, two, three and four months respectively. The second portion was the control group (40 rats) divided into four groups (10 rats each) each group was corresponding to a treated group. The results showed a significant correlation between carbamazepine levels in serum and that in hair in the first, second and fourth groups and a non significant correlation in the third group. The concentration of the drug in serum and hair increased with the time of administration in the first three months and decreased in both of them in the fourth month. It could be concluded that hair analysis is a useful mean for long -term monitoring of carbamazepine.

Analysis of hair for drugs has been increasingly utilized, and being progressively admitted by the courts to support evidences in forensic and drug related cases. The present study was designed to determine the time course of carbamazepine in hair and serum of rats after a single administration of different doses, to find the correlation between the dose and levels of the drug in hair and serum and to evaluate the relationship between serum and hair levels of carbamazepine in rats to be applied clinically later on .To determine the time course of carbamazepine in hair, sixty rats were divided into three equal groups. Each rat in the first, second and third groups were orally given a single dose of carbamazepine equals to one, five and ten times the therapeutic dose respectively. Hair and serum samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography before and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 24 hours and daily for 15 days after carbamazepine administration. In the first group, carbamazepine could be detected in hair after four hours of its administration, reached maximum after nine hours, and then gradually declined. The drug could not be detected after 5 days of administration. The same course in the second group, but with higher concentration than the first group. It could not be detected after eight days. In the third group, the drug could be detected in hair after one hour of its administration, reached maximum after four hours, and then gradually decreased until it could not be detected after eight days of administration. The results showed that time course was affected by the dose and there was a significant correlation between the dose and concentration in hair (r = 0.5, P0.0004). The drug could be detected in hair at a time when concentrations in other biological specimens (blood and urine) are not detectable. To evaluate the relationship between serum and hair levels of carbamazepine ,120 albino rats of both sexes were divided into two portions: the first was the treated group (80 rats) , subdivided into four equal groups ( 20 rats each ) were given the therapeutic oral dose of carbamazepine once daily for one, two, three and four months respectively. The second portion was the control group (40 rats) divided into four groups (10 rats each) each group was corresponding to a treated group. The results showed a significant correlation between carbamazepine levels in serum and that in hair in the first, second and fourth groups and a non significant correlation in the third group. The concentration of the drug in serum and hair increased with the time of administration in the first three months and decreased in both of them in the fourth month. It could be concluded that hair analysis is a useful mean for long -term monitoring of carbamazepine.

Analysis of hair for drugs has been increasingly utilized, and being progressively admitted by the courts to support evidences in forensic and drug related cases. The present study was designed to determine the time course of carbamazepine in hair and serum of rats after a single administration of different doses, to find the correlation between the dose and levels of the drug in hair and serum and to evaluate the relationship between serum and hair levels of carbamazepine in rats to be applied clinically later on .To determine the time course of carbamazepine in hair, sixty rats were divided into three equal groups. Each rat in the first, second and third groups were orally given a single dose of carbamazepine equals to one, five and ten times the therapeutic dose respectively. Hair and serum samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography before and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 24 hours and daily for 15 days after carbamazepine administration. In the first group, carbamazepine could be detected in hair after four hours of its administration, reached maximum after nine hours, and then gradually declined. The drug could not be detected after 5 days of administration. The same course in the second group, but with higher concentration than the first group. It could not be detected after eight days. In the third group, the drug could be detected in hair after one hour of its administration, reached maximum after four hours, and then gradually decreased until it could not be detected after eight days of administration. The results showed that time course was affected by the dose and there was a significant correlation between the dose and concentration in hair (r = 0.5, P0.0004). The drug could be detected in hair at a time when concentrations in other biological specimens (blood and urine) are not detectable. To evaluate the relationship between serum and hair levels of carbamazepine ,120 albino rats of both sexes were divided into two portions: the first was the treated group (80 rats) , subdivided into four equal groups ( 20 rats each ) were given the therapeutic oral dose of carbamazepine once daily for one, two, three and four months respectively. The second portion was the control group (40 rats) divided into four groups (10 rats each) each group was corresponding to a treated group. The results showed a significant correlation between carbamazepine levels in serum and that in hair in the first, second and fourth groups and a non significant correlation in the third group. The concentration of the drug in serum and hair increased with the time of administration in the first three months and decreased in both of them in the fourth month. It could be concluded that hair analysis is a useful mean for long -term monitoring of carbamazepine.

Abstract: The aim of this research is to study the effect of different storage conditions (different temperatures and formalin preservation) on the stability of amitriptyline and fluphenazine in some biological samples. The LD50 of amitriptyline and fluphenazine were administrated orally to rabbits which were sacrificed two hours after administration of the drugs. The tissues were stored at different conditions for six months. U.V. Spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the drugs at different periods. The results revealed that both amitriptyline and fluphenazine were rapidly declined in samples stored at room temperature (25 – 38ºc). It could not be detected in brain and liver samples at the end of three weeks, in the kidney at the end of four weeks and in plasma at the end of six weeks. While fluphenazine could not be detected in the brain at the end of three weeks, in the kidney and liver at the end of four weeks and in the plasma at the end of six weeks. At fridge temperature (5ºc), amitriptyline could not be detected in brain and liver at the end of four weeks, in kidney samples at the end of six weeks. While fluphenazine could not be detected in brain at the end of four weeks, in kidney and liver at the end of six weeks, in plasma both of them couldn't be detected at the end of eight weeks. At freezer temperature (-20ºc), amitriptyline could be detected up to the end of six months of the storage in the different samples with different relative recovery percent 80%, 75%, 69.57%, and 63.00% (for plasma, kidney, brain and liver samples respectively). While fluphenazine could be detected up to the end four months of the storage in the plasma, kidney, and liver with different relative recovery percent (19.77%, 13.88%, and 11.56% respectively). In brain fluphenazine could be detected up to the end of twelve weeks with a relative recovery percent of 15.76%. In samples preserved in 10% formalin solution, amitriptyline could be detected up to the end of six months of the storage in the different samples with high relative recovery percents (90.81%, 90.18%, 87.84% and 86.14%) for the kidney, plasma, brain, and liver respectively. While fluphenazine could not be detected in brain samples at the end of six weeks. It could not be detected in liver, kidney, and plasma at the end of eight weeks of the storage. In conclusion amitriptyline is stable in tissues stored at freezer (-20ºc) and that preserved in formalin solution. While fluphenazine is stable in tissues stored at freezer (-20ºc) for sometime, but it is not stable in the samples stored at room temperature, fridge temperature, and in samples preserved in formalin solution

Abstract: The aim of this research is to study the effect of different storage conditions (different temperatures and formalin preservation) on the stability of amitriptyline and fluphenazine in some biological samples. The LD50 of amitriptyline and fluphenazine were administrated orally to rabbits which were sacrificed two hours after administration of the drugs. The tissues were stored at different conditions for six months. U.V. Spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the drugs at different periods. The results revealed that both amitriptyline and fluphenazine were rapidly declined in samples stored at room temperature (25 – 38ºc). It could not be detected in brain and liver samples at the end of three weeks, in the kidney at the end of four weeks and in plasma at the end of six weeks. While fluphenazine could not be detected in the brain at the end of three weeks, in the kidney and liver at the end of four weeks and in the plasma at the end of six weeks. At fridge temperature (5ºc), amitriptyline could not be detected in brain and liver at the end of four weeks, in kidney samples at the end of six weeks. While fluphenazine could not be detected in brain at the end of four weeks, in kidney and liver at the end of six weeks, in plasma both of them couldn't be detected at the end of eight weeks. At freezer temperature (-20ºc), amitriptyline could be detected up to the end of six months of the storage in the different samples with different relative recovery percent 80%, 75%, 69.57%, and 63.00% (for plasma, kidney, brain and liver samples respectively). While fluphenazine could be detected up to the end four months of the storage in the plasma, kidney, and liver with different relative recovery percent (19.77%, 13.88%, and 11.56% respectively). In brain fluphenazine could be detected up to the end of twelve weeks with a relative recovery percent of 15.76%. In samples preserved in 10% formalin solution, amitriptyline could be detected up to the end of six months of the storage in the different samples with high relative recovery percents (90.81%, 90.18%, 87.84% and 86.14%) for the kidney, plasma, brain, and liver respectively. While fluphenazine could not be detected in brain samples at the end of six weeks. It could not be detected in liver, kidney, and plasma at the end of eight weeks of the storage. In conclusion amitriptyline is stable in tissues stored at freezer (-20ºc) and that preserved in formalin solution. While fluphenazine is stable in tissues stored at freezer (-20ºc) for sometime, but it is not stable in the samples stored at room temperature, fridge temperature, and in samples preserved in formalin solution

يصاب الكثيرين في الدول النامية.... بفقد البصر نتيجة للإصابة بكثير من الأمراض التي كان من الممكن علاجها أو تجنب الإصابة بها . وكذلك يكثر فقد البصر في الأشخاص فوق سن الستين في جميع البلاد ويصعب على الأشخاص البالغين فاقدي البصر في الدول النامية تعلم طريقة برايل في الكتابة وكثيراً ما يصبح ضرورياً التوقيع على شيك أو أي مستند أخر، وفى هذه الأحوال تصبح مهمة خبير التزييف والتزوير التحقق من صحة هذا التوقيع. ولهذا يهدف هذا البحث لإجابة الأسئلة التي قد تثار في مثل هذه الحالات وهى ( هل يمكن التأكد من شخصية أو التعرف على الكاتب ؟ وما هو تأثير فقد الإبصار على الكتابة اليدوية لهذا الشخص ) . وقد أجريت هذه الدراسة على ثمانية عشر عينة لكتابة يدوية لأشخاص فاقدي البصر من الذكور يستخدمون يدهم اليمنى في الكتابة ، وكانت أعمارهم تتراوح بين أربعون وستون عاماً، وتم مضاهاة كتاباتهم وتوقيعاتهم اليدوية العربية بكتابات لهم سابقة لإصابتهم بالعمى. وقد أوضحت النتائج أن الكتابات اليدوية لهؤلاء الأشخاص فاقدي البصر لها نفس المميزات والقاعدة الخطية لتلك الكتابات قبل إصابتهم بفقد البصر. ولا يوجد اختلاف في الشكل والحجم والنسب ومنحنيات واتصالات الكلمات، ولكن هناك تراكب في بعض الحروف والكلمات وكذلك فقد بعض نقاط الحروف أو موضوعة في غير موضعها وهناك انحراف عن سطر الكتابة مع ميلها لأعلى أو لأسفل ولأن فاقد البصر لا يمكنه تمييز نهاية ورقة الكتابة فقد ظهرت بعض الكلمات ناقصة في بدايتها أو نهايتها .كما لوحظ وجود جرأت خطية صغيرة أو نقاط في بداية الكتابة ونخلص من هذا البحث أن هناك اختلافات في الكتابة اليدوية للشخص المبصر عن الشخص فاقد البصر ولكن يمكن أن نتحقق من تفرد الكتابة وانتمائها للشخص حتى وإن كان غير مبصراً .