Since its advent in 1980, the scope of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has grown to include a wide range of indications, and it is now being incorporated as an integral part of everyday practice in the field of gastroenterology. Its use is extending from an adjuvant imaging aid to utilization as a therapeutic tool for various gastrointestinal disorders. EUS was first used to visualize remote organs, such as the pancreas and abdominal lymph nodes. When fine needle aspiration was introduced, the indications for EUS expanded to include tissue sampling for diagnostic purposes. At the same time, the needle can be used to convey a potential therapy to the internal organs, allowing access to remote sites. In this review, we aim to highlight the expanding spectrum of EUS indications and uses in the field of gastroenterology.

Since its advent in 1980, the scope of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has grown to include a wide range of indications, and it is now being incorporated as an integral part of everyday practice in the field of gastroenterology. Its use is extending from an adjuvant imaging aid to utilization as a therapeutic tool for various gastrointestinal disorders. EUS was first used to visualize remote organs, such as the pancreas and abdominal lymph nodes. When fine needle aspiration was introduced, the indications for EUS expanded to include tissue sampling for diagnostic purposes. At the same time, the needle can be used to convey a potential therapy to the internal organs, allowing access to remote sites. In this review, we aim to highlight the expanding spectrum of EUS indications and uses in the field of gastroenterology.

Warfarin is known to have multiple pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamic interactions. The present study aimed to determine effect of azithromycin on the anticoagulant action of warfarin as well as to study the effect of warfarin on the antibacterial activity of azithromycin and to suggest the readjustment in the dose of azithromycin and warfarin when they are co-administered. In the first set of experiments, the effect of azithromycin on the anticoagulant activity of warfarin was investigated, to achieve this goal PT, CT and BT were measured. The second set of this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of warfarin on the antibacterial activity of azithromycin, to achieve this aim we used parameters measured the degree of antibacterial activity as viable bacterial count, neutrophils count, MPO activity, CRP and TNF-alpha . An interaction between azithromycin and warfarin was not observed among rats