Innate immunity has an important role in the protection against malaria. To clarify its effect on non lethal and lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii, comparison between two groups of C57BL/6 mice infected with 104 parasitized RBCs was performed. Liver and spleen mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The parasite appeared in blood on day 3 in both strains, with non lethal infection parasitemia reached a peak of 60% on day 14 and mice completely recovered, while in lethal infection parasitemia was 80% on day 7 and mice succumbed to death. In non lethal strain, mice became anemic and the hematocrit percentage returned to its normal value during recovery, while in the lethal strain mice were severely anemic before death. The major expanding cells were found to be TCR Intermediate (TCRint) cells, mainly NK1.1-subset, these TCRint cells were distinguished from conventional T cells of thymic origin. CD4- & CD8- cells increased in both strains. During malarial infection, the population of conventional T cells did not increase and usually associated with thymic atrophy. The present results showed that TCRint cells were intimately associated with the protection against malarial infection in both non lethal and lethal strains but the mice died in lethal infection due to the massive destruction of red blood cells leading to fatal anemia. Abbreviations: TCRint cells: intermediate T cell receptor cells; TCRhi cells: high T cell receptor cells; NKT cells: natural killer T cells.

Innate immunity has an important role in the protection against malaria. To clarify its effect on non lethal and lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii, comparison between two groups of C57BL/6 mice infected with 104 parasitized RBCs was performed. Liver and spleen mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The parasite appeared in blood on day 3 in both strains, with non lethal infection parasitemia reached a peak of 60% on day 14 and mice completely recovered, while in lethal infection parasitemia was 80% on day 7 and mice succumbed to death. In non lethal strain, mice became anemic and the hematocrit percentage returned to its normal value during recovery, while in the lethal strain mice were severely anemic before death. The major expanding cells were found to be TCR Intermediate (TCRint) cells, mainly NK1.1-subset, these TCRint cells were distinguished from conventional T cells of thymic origin. CD4- & CD8- cells increased in both strains. During malarial infection, the population of conventional T cells did not increase and usually associated with thymic atrophy. The present results showed that TCRint cells were intimately associated with the protection against malarial infection in both non lethal and lethal strains but the mice died in lethal infection due to the massive destruction of red blood cells leading to fatal anemia. Abbreviations: TCRint cells: intermediate T cell receptor cells; TCRhi cells: high T cell receptor cells; NKT cells: natural killer T cells.

Innate immunity has an important role in the protection against malaria. To clarify its effect on non lethal and lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii, comparison between two groups of C57BL/6 mice infected with 104 parasitized RBCs was performed. Liver and spleen mononuclear cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The parasite appeared in blood on day 3 in both strains, with non lethal infection parasitemia reached a peak of 60% on day 14 and mice completely recovered, while in lethal infection parasitemia was 80% on day 7 and mice succumbed to death. In non lethal strain, mice became anemic and the hematocrit percentage returned to its normal value during recovery, while in the lethal strain mice were severely anemic before death. The major expanding cells were found to be TCR Intermediate (TCRint) cells, mainly NK1.1-subset, these TCRint cells were distinguished from conventional T cells of thymic origin. CD4- & CD8- cells increased in both strains. During malarial infection, the population of conventional T cells did not increase and usually associated with thymic atrophy. The present results showed that TCRint cells were intimately associated with the protection against malarial infection in both non lethal and lethal strains but the mice died in lethal infection due to the massive destruction of red blood cells leading to fatal anemia. Abbreviations: TCRint cells: intermediate T cell receptor cells; TCRhi cells: high T cell receptor cells; NKT cells: natural killer T cells.

Background: Pinworms are one of the common helminthic infections that generally live in the gastrointestinal tract causing appendicitis and leading to unexplained abdominal pain. Species of the genus Syphacia (rodent pinworm) are cosmopolitan and they also infect humans. Objectives: To diagnose the cause of unexplained abdominal pain in patients with mild eosinophilia by colonoscopy; to detect the relevance of Oxyurid nematodes as a cause of this unexplained abdominal pain; and to identify and describe the extracted pinworms using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 200 inpatients of different age groups ranging from 3-60 years over a period of one year in the Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital. Laboratory investigations were done for each case, including complete blood picture, liver function tests, stool examination for helminthes and protozoa, and perianal swab for patients suffering from perianal itch. Colonoscopy was performed for all cases not responding to antispasmodics. Detected worms were picked up by biopsy forceps and sent to the Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University and examined using light and SEM. Results: Out of 200 patients, 25 (12.5%) were diagnosed as pinworm infection of the genus Syphacia except in 5 children who had mixed infection with E. vermicularis. Laboratory findings were mild eosinophilia (6-8%) and neutrophilia with moderate shift to the left in one patient with recto-sigmoid nodule and negative stool examination. Perianal swab of patients presenting with perianal itch was positive for Enterobius. vermicularis eggs. Light microscopic examination illustrated the presence of three different species of Oxyurida: E. vermicularis, S. muris and Syphacia species. SEM studies showed that Syphacia spp. were classified into two groups according to morphological differences, and allowed for the reporting of additional morphological and taxonomical features. Conclusion and recommendations: Syphacia is considered as a cause of unexplained chronic abdominal pain and E. vermicularis is not the only human pinworm in Egypt. Further studies using SEM are needed to detect new characters that may help in differentiating Syphacia spp. from different hosts.

Background: Pinworms are one of the common helminthic infections that generally live in the gastrointestinal tract causing appendicitis and leading to unexplained abdominal pain. Species of the genus Syphacia (rodent pinworm) are cosmopolitan and they also infect humans. Objectives: To diagnose the cause of unexplained abdominal pain in patients with mild eosinophilia by colonoscopy; to detect the relevance of Oxyurid nematodes as a cause of this unexplained abdominal pain; and to identify and describe the extracted pinworms using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 200 inpatients of different age groups ranging from 3-60 years over a period of one year in the Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital. Laboratory investigations were done for each case, including complete blood picture, liver function tests, stool examination for helminthes and protozoa, and perianal swab for patients suffering from perianal itch. Colonoscopy was performed for all cases not responding to antispasmodics. Detected worms were picked up by biopsy forceps and sent to the Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University and examined using light and SEM. Results: Out of 200 patients, 25 (12.5%) were diagnosed as pinworm infection of the genus Syphacia except in 5 children who had mixed infection with E. vermicularis. Laboratory findings were mild eosinophilia (6-8%) and neutrophilia with moderate shift to the left in one patient with recto-sigmoid nodule and negative stool examination. Perianal swab of patients presenting with perianal itch was positive for Enterobius. vermicularis eggs. Light microscopic examination illustrated the presence of three different species of Oxyurida: E. vermicularis, S. muris and Syphacia species. SEM studies showed that Syphacia spp. were classified into two groups according to morphological differences, and allowed for the reporting of additional morphological and taxonomical features. Conclusion and recommendations: Syphacia is considered as a cause of unexplained chronic abdominal pain and E. vermicularis is not the only human pinworm in Egypt. Further studies using SEM are needed to detect new characters that may help in differentiating Syphacia spp. from different hosts.

Background: Pinworms are one of the common helminthic infections that generally live in the gastrointestinal tract causing appendicitis and leading to unexplained abdominal pain. Species of the genus Syphacia (rodent pinworm) are cosmopolitan and they also infect humans. Objectives: To diagnose the cause of unexplained abdominal pain in patients with mild eosinophilia by colonoscopy; to detect the relevance of Oxyurid nematodes as a cause of this unexplained abdominal pain; and to identify and describe the extracted pinworms using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 200 inpatients of different age groups ranging from 3-60 years over a period of one year in the Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital. Laboratory investigations were done for each case, including complete blood picture, liver function tests, stool examination for helminthes and protozoa, and perianal swab for patients suffering from perianal itch. Colonoscopy was performed for all cases not responding to antispasmodics. Detected worms were picked up by biopsy forceps and sent to the Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University and examined using light and SEM. Results: Out of 200 patients, 25 (12.5%) were diagnosed as pinworm infection of the genus Syphacia except in 5 children who had mixed infection with E. vermicularis. Laboratory findings were mild eosinophilia (6-8%) and neutrophilia with moderate shift to the left in one patient with recto-sigmoid nodule and negative stool examination. Perianal swab of patients presenting with perianal itch was positive for Enterobius. vermicularis eggs. Light microscopic examination illustrated the presence of three different species of Oxyurida: E. vermicularis, S. muris and Syphacia species. SEM studies showed that Syphacia spp. were classified into two groups according to morphological differences, and allowed for the reporting of additional morphological and taxonomical features. Conclusion and recommendations: Syphacia is considered as a cause of unexplained chronic abdominal pain and E. vermicularis is not the only human pinworm in Egypt. Further studies using SEM are needed to detect new characters that may help in differentiating Syphacia spp. from different hosts.

Background: Pinworms are one of the common helminthic infections that generally live in the gastrointestinal tract causing appendicitis and leading to unexplained abdominal pain. Species of the genus Syphacia (rodent pinworm) are cosmopolitan and they also infect humans. Objectives: To diagnose the cause of unexplained abdominal pain in patients with mild eosinophilia by colonoscopy; to detect the relevance of Oxyurid nematodes as a cause of this unexplained abdominal pain; and to identify and describe the extracted pinworms using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 200 inpatients of different age groups ranging from 3-60 years over a period of one year in the Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Assiut University Hospital. Laboratory investigations were done for each case, including complete blood picture, liver function tests, stool examination for helminthes and protozoa, and perianal swab for patients suffering from perianal itch. Colonoscopy was performed for all cases not responding to antispasmodics. Detected worms were picked up by biopsy forceps and sent to the Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University and examined using light and SEM. Results: Out of 200 patients, 25 (12.5%) were diagnosed as pinworm infection of the genus Syphacia except in 5 children who had mixed infection with E. vermicularis. Laboratory findings were mild eosinophilia (6-8%) and neutrophilia with moderate shift to the left in one patient with recto-sigmoid nodule and negative stool examination. Perianal swab of patients presenting with perianal itch was positive for Enterobius. vermicularis eggs. Light microscopic examination illustrated the presence of three different species of Oxyurida: E. vermicularis, S. muris and Syphacia species. SEM studies showed that Syphacia spp. were classified into two groups according to morphological differences, and allowed for the reporting of additional morphological and taxonomical features. Conclusion and recommendations: Syphacia is considered as a cause of unexplained chronic abdominal pain and E. vermicularis is not the only human pinworm in Egypt. Further studies using SEM are needed to detect new characters that may help in differentiating Syphacia spp. from different hosts.

Forensic entomology uses different stages of arthropods as an entomological evidence at death scene to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) using either succession waves or maggot age and its development. The arthropod succession patterns are greatly affected by temperature and humidity. Their development rate also differs physiologically depending on their geographical origin. Therefore the knowledge of local fauna is very useful in forensic investigations. Data from other areas having both different environmental and faunal characteristics might provide insufficient degree of accuracy. The aim of this study is to document arthropod fauna and succession pattern in relation to decomposition stages of human left over parts, in Assiut, Egypt during spring-summer season.The experiment was performed during spring-summer season. Human left over parts from orthopaedic theatre were used. Specimens were placed in a box, floored with soil and protected with scavenger-exclusion cage and placed upon the roof of Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Campus. Inspection of the specimens was done and at each visit flying insects, larvae and crawling species were collected. Immature stages were reared in the laboratory till adult stage in order to be identified. The results of main insects group were discussed in relation to decomposition stages. Many insect species were identified and the following orders were represented: Diptera (Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae), Coleoptera (Dermestidae) and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Preliminary documentation of entomofauna of Assiut city (arid, urban environment) revealed that Diptera was the predominant order followed by Coleoptera. Chrysomya albiceps was the predominant species and the only Calliphora species found to colonize the human tissues.

Forensic entomology uses different stages of arthropods as an entomological evidence at death scene to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) using either succession waves or maggot age and its development. The arthropod succession patterns are greatly affected by temperature and humidity. Their development rate also differs physiologically depending on their geographical origin. Therefore the knowledge of local fauna is very useful in forensic investigations. Data from other areas having both different environmental and faunal characteristics might provide insufficient degree of accuracy. The aim of this study is to document arthropod fauna and succession pattern in relation to decomposition stages of human left over parts, in Assiut, Egypt during spring-summer season.The experiment was performed during spring-summer season. Human left over parts from orthopaedic theatre were used. Specimens were placed in a box, floored with soil and protected with scavenger-exclusion cage and placed upon the roof of Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Campus. Inspection of the specimens was done and at each visit flying insects, larvae and crawling species were collected. Immature stages were reared in the laboratory till adult stage in order to be identified. The results of main insects group were discussed in relation to decomposition stages. Many insect species were identified and the following orders were represented: Diptera (Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae), Coleoptera (Dermestidae) and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Preliminary documentation of entomofauna of Assiut city (arid, urban environment) revealed that Diptera was the predominant order followed by Coleoptera. Chrysomya albiceps was the predominant species and the only Calliphora species found to colonize the human tissues.

Forensic entomology uses different stages of arthropods as an entomological evidence at death scene to estimate the postmortem interval (PMI) using either succession waves or maggot age and its development. The arthropod succession patterns are greatly affected by temperature and humidity. Their development rate also differs physiologically depending on their geographical origin. Therefore the knowledge of local fauna is very useful in forensic investigations. Data from other areas having both different environmental and faunal characteristics might provide insufficient degree of accuracy. The aim of this study is to document arthropod fauna and succession pattern in relation to decomposition stages of human left over parts, in Assiut, Egypt during spring-summer season.The experiment was performed during spring-summer season. Human left over parts from orthopaedic theatre were used. Specimens were placed in a box, floored with soil and protected with scavenger-exclusion cage and placed upon the roof of Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University Campus. Inspection of the specimens was done and at each visit flying insects, larvae and crawling species were collected. Immature stages were reared in the laboratory till adult stage in order to be identified. The results of main insects group were discussed in relation to decomposition stages. Many insect species were identified and the following orders were represented: Diptera (Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae), Coleoptera (Dermestidae) and Hymenoptera (Formicidae). Preliminary documentation of entomofauna of Assiut city (arid, urban environment) revealed that Diptera was the predominant order followed by Coleoptera. Chrysomya albiceps was the predominant species and the only Calliphora species found to colonize the human tissues.