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Remediation ofmetal polluted sites by traditional, physical and chemicalmethods demands large investments of 19 economic and technological resources compared to green remediation.Halophytic plants have been suggested to 20 be more effective in the phytoextraction of metals from the contaminated soils compared to salt-sensitive crop 21 plants. Pot experiment was conducted to study the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) by the A. lentiformis plants 22 when treated with different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen was applied to the soil at rate of 0, 100, 200, 23 300 and 400 mg kg−1. Increasing the level of nitrogen from 0 to 400 mg N kg−1 increased the dry biomass of 24 roots and shoots of the studied plant by 75 and 27.5%, respectively. The application of N increased the chlorophyll 25 by 100% and leaf area index by 50% and this lead to increase in the photosynthesis and plant growth. The 26 A. lentiformis plants tolerate the high levels of Cd in the soil and plant tissues. Under metal stress conditions, 27 the studied plant contained large amount of organic compounds e.g., oxalic acid, proline and phenols. These or- 28 ganic compounds had negative effect on the plant growth and Cd accumulation in the aboveground parts of the 29 plant.When 400 mg N kg−1 was added, the chlorophyll increased by 100% and the proline, phenols and oxalic 30 acid decreased by 33, 50 and 30%, respectively compared to the control treatment. The fertilization of 31 A. lentiformis plants with the highest rate of nitrogen enabled the plants to remove 7.93% of the total soil Cd dur- 32 ing a period of 105 days. Nitrogenmitigated the effect ofmetal stress and increased the accumulation of Cd in the 33 aboveground parts of A. lentiformis plants. The fertilization of A. lentiformiswith nitrogen could be an effective tool 34 to enhance Cd-phytoextraction from polluted sites.

Remediation ofmetal polluted sites by traditional, physical and chemicalmethods demands large investments of 19 economic and technological resources compared to green remediation.Halophytic plants have been suggested to 20 be more effective in the phytoextraction of metals from the contaminated soils compared to salt-sensitive crop 21 plants. Pot experiment was conducted to study the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) by the A. lentiformis plants 22 when treated with different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen was applied to the soil at rate of 0, 100, 200, 23 300 and 400 mg kg−1. Increasing the level of nitrogen from 0 to 400 mg N kg−1 increased the dry biomass of 24 roots and shoots of the studied plant by 75 and 27.5%, respectively. The application of N increased the chlorophyll 25 by 100% and leaf area index by 50% and this lead to increase in the photosynthesis and plant growth. The 26 A. lentiformis plants tolerate the high levels of Cd in the soil and plant tissues. Under metal stress conditions, 27 the studied plant contained large amount of organic compounds e.g., oxalic acid, proline and phenols. These or- 28 ganic compounds had negative effect on the plant growth and Cd accumulation in the aboveground parts of the 29 plant.When 400 mg N kg−1 was added, the chlorophyll increased by 100% and the proline, phenols and oxalic 30 acid decreased by 33, 50 and 30%, respectively compared to the control treatment. The fertilization of 31 A. lentiformis plants with the highest rate of nitrogen enabled the plants to remove 7.93% of the total soil Cd dur- 32 ing a period of 105 days. Nitrogenmitigated the effect ofmetal stress and increased the accumulation of Cd in the 33 aboveground parts of A. lentiformis plants. The fertilization of A. lentiformiswith nitrogen could be an effective tool 34 to enhance Cd-phytoextraction from polluted sites.

Little information is available about the Cd-phytoextraction mechanism by quail bush [Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats]. A pot experiment was conducted using a Cd-polluted soil (50 mg kg−1) to explore mechanism of Cdphytoextraction by quail bush as well as the role of EDTA and vinasse as mobilizing agents. EDTA was applied at a rate of 0, 1, 2, and 3 mmol kg−1, while vinasse was applied at a rate of 0, 4, 8, and 16 ml kg−1. EDTA had negative effects on the physiochemical properties of the soil. In contrast of EDAT, vinasse caused a remarkable betterment in soil conditions where it increased the soil structure and porosity by 35 and 48% and increased the soil acidity by 8.3%. Growth of roots and shoots reduced by 29 and 33%, respectively; when EDTA was applied at a rate of 3 mmol kg−1, on the other hand the application of 16 ml of vinasse kg−1 increased the roots and shoots growth by 20 and 21%, respectively. The highest rate of vinasse induced a 31% increase in chlorophyll content but 3 mmol of EDTA caused a great negative stress in plant growth and induced a 78% increase in proline content. EDTA and vinasse enhanced the transfer of Cd from soil to roots and from roots to shoots. Quail bush amended with vinasse at a rate of 16 ml kg−1 was able to remove 8.34% of the total soil Cd during a 100 days, while that amended with 3 mmol of EDTA was able to remove 5.51%. EDTA was more effective in increasing Cd availability and uptake, but sugarcane vinasse was more effective in enhancing the Cd-phytoextraction. Based on the obtained results, using sugarcane vinasse to enhance Cd-phytoextraction by quail bush is an effective plan to remediate Cd-contaminated soils.

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Abstract Background: Common bunt (caused by Tilletia caries and T. foetida) has been considered as a major disease in wheat following rust (Puccinia spp.) in the Near East and is economically important in the Great Plains, USA. Despite the fact that it can be easily controlled using seed treatment with fungicides, fungicides often cannot or may not be used in organic and low-input fields. Planting common bunt resistant genotypes is an alternative. Results: To identify resistance genes for Nebraska common bunt race, the global set of differential lines were inoculated. Nine differential lines carrying nine different genes had 0% infected heads and seemed to be resistant to Nebraska race). To understand the genetic basis of the resistance in Nebraska winter wheat, a set of 330 genotypes were inoculated and evaluated under field conditions in two locations. Out of the 330 genotypes, 62 genotypes had different degrees of resistance. Moreover, plant height, chlorophyll content and days to heading were scored in both locations. Using genome-wide association study, 123 SNPs located on fourteen chromosomes were identified to be associated with the resistance. Different degrees of linkage disequilibrium was found between the significant SNPs and they explained 1.00 to 9.00% of the phenotypic variance, indicating the presence of many minor QTLs controlling the resistance. Conclusion: Based on the chromosomal location of some of the known genes, some SNPs may be associated with Bt1, Bt6, Bt11 and Bt12 resistance loci. The remaining significant SNPs may be novel alleles that were not reported previously. Common bunt resistance seems to be an independent trait as no correlation was found between a number of infected heads and chlorophyll content, days to heading or plant height.

Abstract Background: Common bunt (caused by Tilletia caries and T. foetida) has been considered as a major disease in wheat following rust (Puccinia spp.) in the Near East and is economically important in the Great Plains, USA. Despite the fact that it can be easily controlled using seed treatment with fungicides, fungicides often cannot or may not be used in organic and low-input fields. Planting common bunt resistant genotypes is an alternative. Results: To identify resistance genes for Nebraska common bunt race, the global set of differential lines were inoculated. Nine differential lines carrying nine different genes had 0% infected heads and seemed to be resistant to Nebraska race). To understand the genetic basis of the resistance in Nebraska winter wheat, a set of 330 genotypes were inoculated and evaluated under field conditions in two locations. Out of the 330 genotypes, 62 genotypes had different degrees of resistance. Moreover, plant height, chlorophyll content and days to heading were scored in both locations. Using genome-wide association study, 123 SNPs located on fourteen chromosomes were identified to be associated with the resistance. Different degrees of linkage disequilibrium was found between the significant SNPs and they explained 1.00 to 9.00% of the phenotypic variance, indicating the presence of many minor QTLs controlling the resistance. Conclusion: Based on the chromosomal location of some of the known genes, some SNPs may be associated with Bt1, Bt6, Bt11 and Bt12 resistance loci. The remaining significant SNPs may be novel alleles that were not reported previously. Common bunt resistance seems to be an independent trait as no correlation was found between a number of infected heads and chlorophyll content, days to heading or plant height.