Seminal roots establish the basis of the shallow and deep root systems which play a fundamental role in plant development and adaptation. In the present study, we utilized an advanced backcross double haploid population of a cross between spring cultivar Scarlett (recurrent) and wild barley ISR42-8 (donor) to evaluate seminal root variation along with major grain traits. The phenotypic data of root and grain traits was subjected to QTL analysis using a genetic map based on 371 markers. This analysis identified 21 QTL for root angle (9) and grain traits (12) covering the whole genome. Among these, at 9 QTL, the preeminence of exotic alleles from ISR42-8 showed favorable increase in traits values. The strongest QTL was detected at marker locus bPb-8558 (7.52 cM) on chromosome 7H where the introgression of an exotic allele resulted in 31.6% increase in root angle and around 47% roots showed angle greater than 45°. Most QTL for root angle and grain traits were localized on different chromosomes showing their independent genetic inheritance except on 7H which was common for root angle and grain width. The favorable exotic alleles detected here, provide an opportunity to alter root architecture of modern varieties.

Seminal roots establish the basis of the shallow and deep root systems which play a fundamental role in plant development and adaptation. In the present study, we utilized an advanced backcross double haploid population of a cross between spring cultivar Scarlett (recurrent) and wild barley ISR42-8 (donor) to evaluate seminal root variation along with major grain traits. The phenotypic data of root and grain traits was subjected to QTL analysis using a genetic map based on 371 markers. This analysis identified 21 QTL for root angle (9) and grain traits (12) covering the whole genome. Among these, at 9 QTL, the preeminence of exotic alleles from ISR42-8 showed favorable increase in traits values. The strongest QTL was detected at marker locus bPb-8558 (7.52 cM) on chromosome 7H where the introgression of an exotic allele resulted in 31.6% increase in root angle and around 47% roots showed angle greater than 45°. Most QTL for root angle and grain traits were localized on different chromosomes showing their independent genetic inheritance except on 7H which was common for root angle and grain width. The favorable exotic alleles detected here, provide an opportunity to alter root architecture of modern varieties.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with severe immune system complications. Camel whey protein (CWP) decreases free radicals (ROS) and modulates immune functions, but its effect on DM-impaired immune systems has not been studied. We investigated the impact of CWP on the immune system in a Type 1 diabetes mouse model. Methods: Three experimental groups were used: (1) non-diabetic control; (2) diabetic; and (3) CWPtreated diabetic mice. Results: Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin was associated with reduction of body weight and insulin level, increase in glucose level and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and reduction in IL-2 and IL-4 levels. Upregulated ATF-3 expression was followed by a marked elevation in ROS levels. Lymphocytes from diabetic mice exhibited increased apoptosis through decreased phosphorylation of AKT and I

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with severe immune system complications. Camel whey protein (CWP) decreases free radicals (ROS) and modulates immune functions, but its effect on DM-impaired immune systems has not been studied. We investigated the impact of CWP on the immune system in a Type 1 diabetes mouse model. Methods: Three experimental groups were used: (1) non-diabetic control; (2) diabetic; and (3) CWPtreated diabetic mice. Results: Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin was associated with reduction of body weight and insulin level, increase in glucose level and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and reduction in IL-2 and IL-4 levels. Upregulated ATF-3 expression was followed by a marked elevation in ROS levels. Lymphocytes from diabetic mice exhibited increased apoptosis through decreased phosphorylation of AKT and I

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with severe immune system complications. Camel whey protein (CWP) decreases free radicals (ROS) and modulates immune functions, but its effect on DM-impaired immune systems has not been studied. We investigated the impact of CWP on the immune system in a Type 1 diabetes mouse model. Methods: Three experimental groups were used: (1) non-diabetic control; (2) diabetic; and (3) CWPtreated diabetic mice. Results: Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin was associated with reduction of body weight and insulin level, increase in glucose level and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and reduction in IL-2 and IL-4 levels. Upregulated ATF-3 expression was followed by a marked elevation in ROS levels. Lymphocytes from diabetic mice exhibited increased apoptosis through decreased phosphorylation of AKT and I

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with severe immune system complications. Camel whey protein (CWP) decreases free radicals (ROS) and modulates immune functions, but its effect on DM-impaired immune systems has not been studied. We investigated the impact of CWP on the immune system in a Type 1 diabetes mouse model. Methods: Three experimental groups were used: (1) non-diabetic control; (2) diabetic; and (3) CWPtreated diabetic mice. Results: Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin was associated with reduction of body weight and insulin level, increase in glucose level and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and reduction in IL-2 and IL-4 levels. Upregulated ATF-3 expression was followed by a marked elevation in ROS levels. Lymphocytes from diabetic mice exhibited increased apoptosis through decreased phosphorylation of AKT and I

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with severe immune system complications. Camel whey protein (CWP) decreases free radicals (ROS) and modulates immune functions, but its effect on DM-impaired immune systems has not been studied. We investigated the impact of CWP on the immune system in a Type 1 diabetes mouse model. Methods: Three experimental groups were used: (1) non-diabetic control; (2) diabetic; and (3) CWPtreated diabetic mice. Results: Induction of diabetes by streptozotocin was associated with reduction of body weight and insulin level, increase in glucose level and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and reduction in IL-2 and IL-4 levels. Upregulated ATF-3 expression was followed by a marked elevation in ROS levels. Lymphocytes from diabetic mice exhibited increased apoptosis through decreased phosphorylation of AKT and I

Rice starch (RS) and blend of rice starch with 10% (w/w) of stabilized rice bran (SRB) were subjected to extrusion process in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The effect of SRB addition and extrusion on gelatinization and retrogradation properties of RS was investigated. The results obtained from the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) showed a significant decrease (P0.05) in viscosity of the extruded RS compared to the untreated RS. In addition, the viscosity was more decreased after enrichment of RS with SRB and extrusion. A similar decrease trend in gelatinization enthalpy (ΔHgel) of RS was also observed from data of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). On the other hand, the enrichment with SRB and extrusion led to significant changes in the crystalline structure of RS as observed from the X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the enrichment with SRB and extrusion generated a fibrous and porous structured starch gel with lower retrogrdation rate, higher water-holding capacity, and less syneresis during storage at 4°C for 7 days. Therefore, SRB can be recommended as functional food ingredient for enrichment and producing rice starch-based extruded snacks and ready-to-eat food products.

The genotype by environment (G×E) interaction has an impact on the selection of genotypes. The yield productivity of 49 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes was evaluated using additive main effects and multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. Experiments were implemented in four locations (Barrani, Matrouh, Assiut and El-Kharga) across Egypt using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance for grain yield (g/m2) showed that the sum of squares of locations accounted for 86% of total sum of squares. The AMMI analysis of variance showed that two interaction principal components (IPCs) out of three were highly significant (P 0.01). The IPC1 and IPC2 accounted for 55.4% and 31.4% of the G×E interaction, respectively. Genotypes 40 and 48 were well adapted to Assiut location whereas genotype 18 was adapted to Barrani location. The AMMI model identified the best combinations of genotypes and environments for yield.

The genotype by environment (G×E) interaction has an impact on the selection of genotypes. The yield productivity of 49 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes was evaluated using additive main effects and multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. Experiments were implemented in four locations (Barrani, Matrouh, Assiut and El-Kharga) across Egypt using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance for grain yield (g/m2) showed that the sum of squares of locations accounted for 86% of total sum of squares. The AMMI analysis of variance showed that two interaction principal components (IPCs) out of three were highly significant (P 0.01). The IPC1 and IPC2 accounted for 55.4% and 31.4% of the G×E interaction, respectively. Genotypes 40 and 48 were well adapted to Assiut location whereas genotype 18 was adapted to Barrani location. The AMMI model identified the best combinations of genotypes and environments for yield.