5-Chloro-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazole-4-carbonitrile 3 was reacted with selenium in the presence of sodium borohydride and chloroacetamide to afford selanyl acetamide 5, which underwent Thorpe–Ziegler cyclization upon heating with sodium ethoxide to give the novel synthesized 4-amino- 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-selenolo[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carboxamide compound (6). The latter compound was used as a versatile precursor for synthesis of other heterocyclic rings, namely pyrimidine, imidazopyrimidine and thiadiazinopyrimidine fused to selenolo[2,3-c]pyrazole moiety. The newly synthesized compounds and their derivatives were characterized by elemental and spectral analysis (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometric analyses). Furthermore, some of these synthesized compounds were screened against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. The results demonstrate that most of the synthesized compounds possess a significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Also, some of these compounds showed a remarkable antifungal activity, especially Candida albicans. On the other hand, some of the synthesized compounds possess high anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay compared with indomethacin. Graphical Abstract The present work discussed synthesis of new selenolo[2,3-c]pyrazoles fused to other heterocyclic rings, namely pyrimidine, imidazopyrimidine and thiadiazinopyrimidine. Some of the synthesized compounds showed remarkable antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities.

NULL

The carbonyl compounds of organic substrates such as aldehydes, acids and ketones are very important in chemical industry owing to its wide applications in medicine and pharmaceutical purposes. Therefore, chemists have been focused a great attention for synthesis of such carbonyl compounds using different techniques. The most efficient method used for such purpose is the oxidation of the corresponding alcoholic substrates with a suitable oxidizing agent such as chromic acid, permanganate ion and cerium (IV) oxidants owing to the high potential values of the redox couples in their redox systems. Although, the natural occurring water-soluble macromolecules such as polysaccharides involving both carrageenans and chondroitin as sulfated macromolecules are of great importance owing to its wide applications in industrial technology particularly in the medicine, pharmacy and food industry, a little attention has been focused on their oxidation kinetics despite the presence of a lot of oxidizable moietiesfunctional groups within the monomers of their macromolecular chains. This fact may be

Seismic hazard in terms of mean peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) values has been computed for Egypt using both historical and instrumental earthquake data. For this purpose, an updated earthquake catalog, spanning the time period from 2200 B.C. to 2013, has been compiled for Egypt as well as its surrounding regions and is prepared to be used in a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Egypt. The earthquakes sizes were unified in terms of the moment magnitude scale. A new seismic source model for the seismic activity in and around Egypt, consisting of a total of 88 seismic zones (for shallow- and intermediate-depth seismicity), was considered in this new assessment. The seismicity parameters have been specifically computed for 35 seismic sources covering the Egyptian territory and the Eastern Mediterranean region. A logic-tree design was set up to consider the epistemic uncertainty in the Gutenberg–Richter b-value, maximum possible magnitude (Mmax), and the selected ground-motion prediction equations. Seismic hazard computations for rock-site conditions with 10% and 5% probability of exceedance in 50 years were carried out. In addition, uniform hazard spectra for twelve, among the most important and populated cities in Egypt, are computed and compared with the most recent Egyptian building code values. It is interesting to highlight that the maximum hazard values are observed at the Gulf of Aqaba region, specifically around the epicentral location of the biggest Egyptian recorded earthquake of 22 November 1995 (Mw 7.2) Aqaba earthquake. The obtained seismic-hazard values for Nuweiba city (located in this region) for mean PGA and SA (0.1 s) are 0:29 g and 0:74 g, respectively, for a return period of 475 years.

Seismic hazard in terms of mean peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral acceleration (SA) values has been computed for Egypt using both historical and instrumental earthquake data. For this purpose, an updated earthquake catalog, spanning the time period from 2200 B.C. to 2013, has been compiled for Egypt as well as its surrounding regions and is prepared to be used in a new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Egypt. The earthquakes sizes were unified in terms of the moment magnitude scale. A new seismic source model for the seismic activity in and around Egypt, consisting of a total of 88 seismic zones (for shallow- and intermediate-depth seismicity), was considered in this new assessment. The seismicity parameters have been specifically computed for 35 seismic sources covering the Egyptian territory and the Eastern Mediterranean region. A logic-tree design was set up to consider the epistemic uncertainty in the Gutenberg–Richter b-value, maximum possible magnitude (Mmax), and the selected ground-motion prediction equations. Seismic hazard computations for rock-site conditions with 10% and 5% probability of exceedance in 50 years were carried out. In addition, uniform hazard spectra for twelve, among the most important and populated cities in Egypt, are computed and compared with the most recent Egyptian building code values. It is interesting to highlight that the maximum hazard values are observed at the Gulf of Aqaba region, specifically around the epicentral location of the biggest Egyptian recorded earthquake of 22 November 1995 (Mw 7.2) Aqaba earthquake. The obtained seismic-hazard values for Nuweiba city (located in this region) for mean PGA and SA (0.1 s) are 0:29 g and 0:74 g, respectively, for a return period of 475 years.

A series of keto-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines, pyrazolo[3,4-b][1,8]naphthyridines, benzo[e]pyrazolo[3,4-b] azepines, benzo[g]pyrazolo[3,4-b]azocines, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrido[3,2-g]azocines, and benzo[g]pyrazolo[3,4-b]azonines scaffolds were synthesized via a Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylation approach. The precursor acids were obtained by utilizing the modified Ullman coupling reactions of 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with different aryl amines followed by ring closures in the presence of AlCl3/CH3NO2 or P2O5 or polyphosphoric acid catalysts. Particular attention is given to the novel structures especially in regard to the promising pharmaceutical and therapeutic values associated with their skeletons.

A series of keto-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines, pyrazolo[3,4-b][1,8]naphthyridines, benzo[e]pyrazolo[3,4-b] azepines, benzo[g]pyrazolo[3,4-b]azocines, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrido[3,2-g]azocines, and benzo[g]pyrazolo[3,4-b]azonines scaffolds were synthesized via a Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylation approach. The precursor acids were obtained by utilizing the modified Ullman coupling reactions of 5-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with different aryl amines followed by ring closures in the presence of AlCl3/CH3NO2 or P2O5 or polyphosphoric acid catalysts. Particular attention is given to the novel structures especially in regard to the promising pharmaceutical and therapeutic values associated with their skeletons.

Cu-doped ZnO (Zn1
xCuxO, x ¼ 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) nanocrystals were synthesized by icebath assisted sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the undoped and Cu-doped ZnO nanostructures reveals the formation of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure for all samples which confirm the incorporation of Cu2þ ions into the ZnO lattice by substitution. Increasing the Cu concentration resulted in a contraction of the bond length and the unit cell volume, whereas, the crystallite size increases by the doping induced grain growth. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images show that the morphology of the pure and doped samples consists of mixtures of nanorods and nanosheets. The increase of Cu content leads to an improvement of a preferable growth direction and an increase of both the lengths and diameters of the nanorods. Analysis of the optical absorption spectra shows that incorporation of Cu ions into the ZnO lattice leads to a red shift of the optical band gap from 3.45 eV to 3.35 eV and the exciton peak from 3.35 to 3.24 eV. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the undoped ZnO nanopowders at excitation wavelength (lex) ¼ 325 nm, reveals near band edge UV emission and defect-related blue and green emission, whereas, the PL spectrum at lex ¼ 380 nm exhibits only defect-related green and red emission. The incorporation of Cu leads to a decrease of the PL intensity due to the increase of nonradiative recombination centers. To explain the mechanism of the PL emission and to identify the different trapping and recombination levels in the ZnO nanopowders, energy band diagrams were suggested. Raman spectroscopy analysis show that the increase of Cu content leads to an increase in the number of defects in the ZnO lattice. The direct current (DC) electrical conductivity measurement reveals a presence of different shallow and deep trapping levels. In addition, an increase of the electrical conductivity with increasing the Cu content in ZnO lattice was observed and can be ascribed to the decrease in the activation energy.

Cu-doped ZnO (Zn1
xCuxO, x ¼ 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) nanocrystals were synthesized by icebath assisted sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the undoped and Cu-doped ZnO nanostructures reveals the formation of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure for all samples which confirm the incorporation of Cu2þ ions into the ZnO lattice by substitution. Increasing the Cu concentration resulted in a contraction of the bond length and the unit cell volume, whereas, the crystallite size increases by the doping induced grain growth. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images show that the morphology of the pure and doped samples consists of mixtures of nanorods and nanosheets. The increase of Cu content leads to an improvement of a preferable growth direction and an increase of both the lengths and diameters of the nanorods. Analysis of the optical absorption spectra shows that incorporation of Cu ions into the ZnO lattice leads to a red shift of the optical band gap from 3.45 eV to 3.35 eV and the exciton peak from 3.35 to 3.24 eV. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the undoped ZnO nanopowders at excitation wavelength (lex) ¼ 325 nm, reveals near band edge UV emission and defect-related blue and green emission, whereas, the PL spectrum at lex ¼ 380 nm exhibits only defect-related green and red emission. The incorporation of Cu leads to a decrease of the PL intensity due to the increase of nonradiative recombination centers. To explain the mechanism of the PL emission and to identify the different trapping and recombination levels in the ZnO nanopowders, energy band diagrams were suggested. Raman spectroscopy analysis show that the increase of Cu content leads to an increase in the number of defects in the ZnO lattice. The direct current (DC) electrical conductivity measurement reveals a presence of different shallow and deep trapping levels. In addition, an increase of the electrical conductivity with increasing the Cu content in ZnO lattice was observed and can be ascribed to the decrease in the activation energy.

Cu-doped ZnO (Zn1
xCuxO, x ¼ 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) nanocrystals were synthesized by icebath assisted sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the undoped and Cu-doped ZnO nanostructures reveals the formation of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure for all samples which confirm the incorporation of Cu2þ ions into the ZnO lattice by substitution. Increasing the Cu concentration resulted in a contraction of the bond length and the unit cell volume, whereas, the crystallite size increases by the doping induced grain growth. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images show that the morphology of the pure and doped samples consists of mixtures of nanorods and nanosheets. The increase of Cu content leads to an improvement of a preferable growth direction and an increase of both the lengths and diameters of the nanorods. Analysis of the optical absorption spectra shows that incorporation of Cu ions into the ZnO lattice leads to a red shift of the optical band gap from 3.45 eV to 3.35 eV and the exciton peak from 3.35 to 3.24 eV. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the undoped ZnO nanopowders at excitation wavelength (lex) ¼ 325 nm, reveals near band edge UV emission and defect-related blue and green emission, whereas, the PL spectrum at lex ¼ 380 nm exhibits only defect-related green and red emission. The incorporation of Cu leads to a decrease of the PL intensity due to the increase of nonradiative recombination centers. To explain the mechanism of the PL emission and to identify the different trapping and recombination levels in the ZnO nanopowders, energy band diagrams were suggested. Raman spectroscopy analysis show that the increase of Cu content leads to an increase in the number of defects in the ZnO lattice. The direct current (DC) electrical conductivity measurement reveals a presence of different shallow and deep trapping levels. In addition, an increase of the electrical conductivity with increasing the Cu content in ZnO lattice was observed and can be ascribed to the decrease in the activation energy.