Abstract: Many analytic strategies have emerged to estimate plant responses to Fusarium wilt. The demand for fast and reliable method (diagnosis, prediction) to determine isolate strength accurately is not established yet. Early determination of pathogen strength helps in plant medication. The aim of this study was to develop a faster strategy and method for early determination of fungal isolates strength in correlation to plant response. Till now, the scientists have no consensus on the most correlated parameters that could express wilt precisely. In this study, 30 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum isolated from Lupinus termis L. were used to provide an explicit image about the real strength of Fusarium isolates and its impact on the plant. Wilting percentage ranged from 26.67% to 93.33% of the infected plants depending on isolate virulence. Some of cellular, morphological and physical measurements were conducted on 8 out of 30 isolates, including root (length, fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW)), nodules (water content (WC), FW, DW), stem (height, WC, FW, DW), total leaves/plant (WC, FW, DW) and the fourth leaf (WC, FW, DW, leaf area, epidermal cell area, epidermal cell number, succulence). Hierarchical clustering was used to determine the variance between the isolates. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to determine the most important growth parameters that could express wilting accurately. The CCA results showed that most of the measured parameters on the fourth leaf, except for leaf epidermal cell number, were highly and positively correlated to wilt. That makes these specific parameters valuable and sensitive for any changes in isolates strength. Accordingly, a mathematical model was created to be helpful in the quick determination of isolate strength and precise medication.

A cluster of non-collapsed nanowires, a template to produce the same, methods to obtain the template and to obtain the cluster by using the template, and devices comprising the cluster are described. The cluster and the template both have an interconnected region and an interconnection-free region. The template comprises a region with (13) lateral pores (15) and a region (12) without those pores and is made by anodization of Al and Al-Cu alloy layers.

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The Campanian and Maastrichtian stages are very poorly documented time intervals in Africa's record of terrestrial vertebrate evolution. Upper Cretaceous deposits exposed in southern Egypt, near the Dakhla and Kharga Oases in the Western Desert, preserve abundant vertebrate fossils in nearshore marine environments, but have not yet been the focus of intensive collection and description. Our recent paleontological work in these areas has resulted in the discovery of numerous new vertebrate fossil-bearing localities within the middle Campanian Qusier Formation and the upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian Duwi Formation. Fossil remains recovered from the Campanian -aged Quseir Formation include sharks, rays, actinopterygian and sarcopterygian fishes, turtles, and rare terrestrial archosaurians , including some of the only dinosaurs known from this interval on continental Africa. The upper Cam-panian /lower Maastrichtian Duwi Formation preserves sharks, sawfish, actinopterygians, and marine reptiles (mosasaurs and plesiosaurs) . Notably absent from these collections are represent atives of Mammalia and Avialae , both of which remain effectively undocumented in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Africa and Arabia. New age constraints on the examined rock units is provided by 23 nannofossil taxa,some of which are reported from the Duwi Formation for the first time. Fossil discoveries from rock units of this age are essential for characterizing the degree of endemism that may have developed as the continent became increasingly tectonically isolated from the rest of Gondwana , not to mention for fully evaluating origin and diversification hypotheses of major modern groups of vertebrates (e.g ., crown birds, placental mammals).

The Campanian and Maastrichtian stages are very poorly documented time intervals in Africa's record of terrestrial vertebrate evolution. Upper Cretaceous deposits exposed in southern Egypt, near the Dakhla and Kharga Oases in the Western Desert, preserve abundant vertebrate fossils in nearshore marine environments, but have not yet been the focus of intensive collection and description. Our recent paleontological work in these areas has resulted in the discovery of numerous new vertebrate fossil-bearing localities within the middle Campanian Qusier Formation and the upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian Duwi Formation. Fossil remains recovered from the Campanian -aged Quseir Formation include sharks, rays, actinopterygian and sarcopterygian fishes, turtles, and rare terrestrial archosaurians , including some of the only dinosaurs known from this interval on continental Africa. The upper Cam-panian /lower Maastrichtian Duwi Formation preserves sharks, sawfish, actinopterygians, and marine reptiles (mosasaurs and plesiosaurs) . Notably absent from these collections are represent atives of Mammalia and Avialae , both of which remain effectively undocumented in the Upper Cretaceous rocks of Africa and Arabia. New age constraints on the examined rock units is provided by 23 nannofossil taxa,some of which are reported from the Duwi Formation for the first time. Fossil discoveries from rock units of this age are essential for characterizing the degree of endemism that may have developed as the continent became increasingly tectonically isolated from the rest of Gondwana , not to mention for fully evaluating origin and diversification hypotheses of major modern groups of vertebrates (e.g ., crown birds, placental mammals).

The aim of this article is to calculate the thermodynamic functions of a neutron star in curved space. We obtained equation of state (EOS) and the excess free energy for a neutron star in curved space up to order n^4, where n is the density of particles.

The aim of this article is to calculate the thermodynamic functions of a neutron star in curved space. We obtained equation of state (EOS) and the excess free energy for a neutron star in curved space up to order n^4, where n is the density of particles.

The aim of this article is to calculate the thermodynamic functions of a neutron star in curved space. We obtained equation of state (EOS) and the excess free energy for a neutron star in curved space up to order n^4, where n is the density of particles.

We report here the structural and superconducting properties of Bi2Sr2CaYxCu2Oy superconductors with various x values (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) by using the resistivity and ac susceptibility measurements. It is found that addition of Y3+ does not influence the phase purity of Bi:2212, while c-parameter and orthorhombic distortion are affected. Furthermore, the critical temperatures Tc(R = 0) are increased from 92 K for Y = 0 up to 106 K by 0.15 of Y, followed by a decrease with increasing Y up to 0.50. It is interesting to note the resistivity of the samples with Y = 0.075 and 0.15 reaching to true zero value only at low dc currents up to 2 mA. Interestingly, the onset temperature of diamagnetism obtained from susceptibility data remains nearly unchanged at 94 K up to Y= 0.30, flowed by a decrease to 86 K at Y = 0.50. The superconducting volume fraction and critical currents are improved by Y addition up to 0.15, followed by a decrease with increasing Y up to 0.50. These results are explained in terms of the effects of excess oxygen, secondary phases, and carrier concentration per Cu ions which are produced by Y addition in Bi:2212 system.

We report here the structural and superconducting properties of Bi2Sr2CaYxCu2Oy superconductors with various x values (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.50) by using the resistivity and ac susceptibility measurements. It is found that addition of Y3+ does not influence the phase purity of Bi:2212, while c-parameter and orthorhombic distortion are affected. Furthermore, the critical temperatures Tc(R = 0) are increased from 92 K for Y = 0 up to 106 K by 0.15 of Y, followed by a decrease with increasing Y up to 0.50. It is interesting to note the resistivity of the samples with Y = 0.075 and 0.15 reaching to true zero value only at low dc currents up to 2 mA. Interestingly, the onset temperature of diamagnetism obtained from susceptibility data remains nearly unchanged at 94 K up to Y= 0.30, flowed by a decrease to 86 K at Y = 0.50. The superconducting volume fraction and critical currents are improved by Y addition up to 0.15, followed by a decrease with increasing Y up to 0.50. These results are explained in terms of the effects of excess oxygen, secondary phases, and carrier concentration per Cu ions which are produced by Y addition in Bi:2212 system.