The liver is accountable for many critical functions within the body and loss of those functions can cause significant damage to the body. Liver disease is a extensive term that covers all aspects that cause the liver to fail to perform its proper functions. Acute liver failure indicates the development of severe acute liver injury with impaired synthetic function without preexisting of clinical liver disease. However, chronic liver disease is characterized by destruction of the hepatic tissue. Early changes, such as fatty liver can progress via inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis. The main causes for liver dysfunction include dyslipidemia, obesity, viral and parasitic infection, drugs and environmental pollution, alcohol abuse, autoimmunity, and genetic defective such as hemochromatosis. The present review almost covers all the previous aspects that lead to liver dysfunction.

By using the data of A. Sedky, J of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 70, 483 (2009), we presented here the fluctuation induced excess conductivity in Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2-xYxCu3Oy superconductors with various x values (0.00 x 0.50). The logarithmic plots of excess conductivity (∆σ) and reduced temperature (Є) reveal three different exponents corresponding to two crossover temperatures due to shifting the order parameter dimensionality against a decrease of temperature. In the critical field region, the order parameter exponents are two dimensional (2D) as Y increases up to 0.30, but it is changed from 2D to three dimensional (3D) with further increase of Y up to 0.50. While, the order parameter exponents are not systematic with Y in both normal and mean field regions, and they are fluctuate between short wave SW, 2D and 3D. The coherence lengths, inter-plane spacing, interlayer coupling, Ginsburg number and anisotropy are generally increased by increasing Y up to 0.50. While, G-L parameter, critical magnetic fields and critical current density are decreased as Y increases. Finally, the possible reasons for the above findings are also mentioned.

NUL We reported here the concepts, applications and side effects of radiotherapy on the human tissue. The properties of x and γ rays, and their applications on the tumor tissues such as radiation therapy, gamma camera and gamma Knife are presented. Further, the physics of laser and its applications such as photo-coagulation, photo-vaporization, photo-chemical ablation, laser surgery, and laser in dentistry, laser in ophthalmology and laser in hemoglobin are also mentioned. Moreover, the side effects of those radiations on the normal tissues of the human body are discussed. On the other hand, the different methods of medical imaging such as radiography, computed tomography, fluoroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic imaging (NMI) are presented.

Carotenoids are valuable molecules as they used in manufacturing of food, pharmaceutical, poultry and cosmetics of which have antioxidant properties and act as vitamin A precursors. Fusarium camptoceras ASU5 (KU215707) was selected as a promising candidate for β- carotene production. This fungus is characterized by abundant macroconidia in sporodochia with pointed apical cell and conical to point basal cell. Microconidia and mesoconidia are produced singly from monophalidic and polyphialidic conidiogenous cells. The physic-chemical characteristics of the β- carotene basal medium were screened by applying one factor. The initial screening revealed two components: molasses and (NH4)2PO4 influencing yields of β-carotene. The optimal factors were then combined for further studies through the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the significant values and to study the mutual interactions between these factors. The analysis revealed that optimal medium concentrations for maximum production of β- carotene (508.3 mg/L) were (g/L): Molasses 50; (NH4)2PO4 1.2; KH2PO4 2.5; L- asparagine 0.1 and MgSO4.7H2O 0.1. Analysis of variance results showed that the model was significant and an R2 value of 98.2% demonstrated that the experimental results were fitted well with predicted values.

Carotenoids are valuable molecules as they used in manufacturing of food, pharmaceutical, poultry and cosmetics of which have antioxidant properties and act as vitamin A precursors. Fusarium camptoceras ASU5 (KU215707) was selected as a promising candidate for β- carotene production. This fungus is characterized by abundant macroconidia in sporodochia with pointed apical cell and conical to point basal cell. Microconidia and mesoconidia are produced singly from monophalidic and polyphialidic conidiogenous cells. The physic-chemical characteristics of the β- carotene basal medium were screened by applying one factor. The initial screening revealed two components: molasses and (NH4)2PO4 influencing yields of β-carotene. The optimal factors were then combined for further studies through the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the significant values and to study the mutual interactions between these factors. The analysis revealed that optimal medium concentrations for maximum production of β- carotene (508.3 mg/L) were (g/L): Molasses 50; (NH4)2PO4 1.2; KH2PO4 2.5; L- asparagine 0.1 and MgSO4.7H2O 0.1. Analysis of variance results showed that the model was significant and an R2 value of 98.2% demonstrated that the experimental results were fitted well with predicted values.

Carotenoids are valuable molecules as they used in manufacturing of food, pharmaceutical, poultry and cosmetics of which have antioxidant properties and act as vitamin A precursors. Fusarium camptoceras ASU5 (KU215707) was selected as a promising candidate for β- carotene production. This fungus is characterized by abundant macroconidia in sporodochia with pointed apical cell and conical to point basal cell. Microconidia and mesoconidia are produced singly from monophalidic and polyphialidic conidiogenous cells. The physic-chemical characteristics of the β- carotene basal medium were screened by applying one factor. The initial screening revealed two components: molasses and (NH4)2PO4 influencing yields of β-carotene. The optimal factors were then combined for further studies through the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the significant values and to study the mutual interactions between these factors. The analysis revealed that optimal medium concentrations for maximum production of β- carotene (508.3 mg/L) were (g/L): Molasses 50; (NH4)2PO4 1.2; KH2PO4 2.5; L- asparagine 0.1 and MgSO4.7H2O 0.1. Analysis of variance results showed that the model was significant and an R2 value of 98.2% demonstrated that the experimental results were fitted well with predicted values.

Carotenoids are valuable molecules as they used in manufacturing of food, pharmaceutical, poultry and cosmetics of which have antioxidant properties and act as vitamin A precursors. Fusarium camptoceras ASU5 (KU215707) was selected as a promising candidate for β- carotene production. This fungus is characterized by abundant macroconidia in sporodochia with pointed apical cell and conical to point basal cell. Microconidia and mesoconidia are produced singly from monophalidic and polyphialidic conidiogenous cells. The physic-chemical characteristics of the β- carotene basal medium were screened by applying one factor. The initial screening revealed two components: molasses and (NH4)2PO4 influencing yields of β-carotene. The optimal factors were then combined for further studies through the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the significant values and to study the mutual interactions between these factors. The analysis revealed that optimal medium concentrations for maximum production of β- carotene (508.3 mg/L) were (g/L): Molasses 50; (NH4)2PO4 1.2; KH2PO4 2.5; L- asparagine 0.1 and MgSO4.7H2O 0.1. Analysis of variance results showed that the model was significant and an R2 value of 98.2% demonstrated that the experimental results were fitted well with predicted values.

Carotenoids are valuable molecules as they used in manufacturing of food, pharmaceutical, poultry and cosmetics of which have antioxidant properties and act as vitamin A precursors. Fusarium camptoceras ASU5 (KU215707) was selected as a promising candidate for β- carotene production. This fungus is characterized by abundant macroconidia in sporodochia with pointed apical cell and conical to point basal cell. Microconidia and mesoconidia are produced singly from monophalidic and polyphialidic conidiogenous cells. The physic-chemical characteristics of the β- carotene basal medium were screened by applying one factor. The initial screening revealed two components: molasses and (NH4)2PO4 influencing yields of β-carotene. The optimal factors were then combined for further studies through the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the significant values and to study the mutual interactions between these factors. The analysis revealed that optimal medium concentrations for maximum production of β- carotene (508.3 mg/L) were (g/L): Molasses 50; (NH4)2PO4 1.2; KH2PO4 2.5; L- asparagine 0.1 and MgSO4.7H2O 0.1. Analysis of variance results showed that the model was significant and an R2 value of 98.2% demonstrated that the experimental results were fitted well with predicted values.

The current study was designed to improve riboflavin production utilizing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus. The effect of different nutritional and environmental factors was carried out by applying onefactor- at-a-time method. The selected high producer fungal strain was identified on the bases of the sequences of the gene encoding 18S rRNA and designated as A. terreus ASU1 (KP793450). In order to investigate the quantitative, optimal levels and the reciprocal interactions between five main medium components, response surface methodology (RSM) was subsequently employed. The results proved that optimal concentrations for enhancement of riboflavin production were: corn starch 30 (g/l); tryptone 0.5 (g/l) and 1 (g/l) for each glycine, KH2PO4 and MgSO4. The maximum riboflavin production of 344.60 mg/l (predicted 342.86 mg/l) was determined under the optimal conditions and the regression analysis (R2) of RSM showed 97.7 %. In comparison to the production of original level (63 mg/l), 5.4-fold increase had been obtained.

The current study was designed to improve riboflavin production utilizing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus terreus. The effect of different nutritional and environmental factors was carried out by applying onefactor- at-a-time method. The selected high producer fungal strain was identified on the bases of the sequences of the gene encoding 18S rRNA and designated as A. terreus ASU1 (KP793450). In order to investigate the quantitative, optimal levels and the reciprocal interactions between five main medium components, response surface methodology (RSM) was subsequently employed. The results proved that optimal concentrations for enhancement of riboflavin production were: corn starch 30 (g/l); tryptone 0.5 (g/l) and 1 (g/l) for each glycine, KH2PO4 and MgSO4. The maximum riboflavin production of 344.60 mg/l (predicted 342.86 mg/l) was determined under the optimal conditions and the regression analysis (R2) of RSM showed 97.7 %. In comparison to the production of original level (63 mg/l), 5.4-fold increase had been obtained.