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Sex-specific differences in mitochondrial function and free radical homeostasis are reported in the context of aging but not well-established in pathogeneses occurring early in life. Here, we examine if sex disparity in mitochondria function, morphology, and redox status starts early and hence can be implicated in sexual dimorphism in cardiac as well as neurological disorders prevalent at young age. Although mitochondrial activity in the heart did not significantly vary between sexes, female brain exhibited enhanced respiration and higher reserve capacity. This was associated with lower H2O2 production in female cardiac and brain tissues. Using transmission electron microscopy, we found that the number of female cardiac mitochondria is moderately greater (117
3%, P = 0.049, N = 4) than male’s, which increased significantly for cortical mitochondria (134
4%, P = 0.001, N = 4). However, male’s cardiac mitochondria exhibited fragmented, circular, and smaller mitochondria relative to female’s mitochondria, while no morphologic sex-dependent differences were observed in cortical mitochondria. No sex differences were detected in Nox2 and Nox4 proteins or O2-consuming/H2O2-producing activities in brain homogenate or synaptosomes. However, a strong trend of increased EPR-detected NOX superoxide in male synaptosomes hinted at higher superoxide dismutase activity in female brains, which was confirmed by two independent protocols. We also provide direct evidence that respiring mitochondria generally produce an order-of-magnitude lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) proportions than currently estimated. Our results indicate that sex differences in mitochondrial biogenesis, bioenergetics, and morphology may start at young age and that sex-dependent SOD capacity may be responsible for differences in ROS homeostasis in heart and brain.

Cancer remains one of the most devastating diseases in the world. Breast cancer is considered the second most widely common among all types of cancers. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland, acting on regulation of several physiological processes such as circadian clocks, acting as antioxidant, anti-inflamatory, and apoptosis regulation. During the recent decades the level of melatonin in patients has been linked to cancer progression and inhibition. In circadian cancer biology, the question how melatonin level plays a role in regulation of cancer progression and metastasis, including breast cancer is a major question. In this review, the molecular actions of melatonin and its prospective role in regulating breast cancer progression and metastasis have been discussed.

Cancer remains one of the most devastating diseases in the world. Breast cancer is considered the second most widely common among all types of cancers. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland, acting on regulation of several physiological processes such as circadian clocks, acting as antioxidant, anti-inflamatory, and apoptosis regulation. During the recent decades the level of melatonin in patients has been linked to cancer progression and inhibition. In circadian cancer biology, the question how melatonin level plays a role in regulation of cancer progression and metastasis, including breast cancer is a major question. In this review, the molecular actions of melatonin and its prospective role in regulating breast cancer progression and metastasis have been discussed.

Cancer remains one of the most devastating diseases in the world. Breast cancer is considered the second most widely common among all types of cancers. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a natural hormone secreted by the pineal gland, acting on regulation of several physiological processes such as circadian clocks, acting as antioxidant, anti-inflamatory, and apoptosis regulation. During the recent decades the level of melatonin in patients has been linked to cancer progression and inhibition. In circadian cancer biology, the question how melatonin level plays a role in regulation of cancer progression and metastasis, including breast cancer is a major question. In this review, the molecular actions of melatonin and its prospective role in regulating breast cancer progression and metastasis have been discussed.

The incidence of onion purple blotch disease was investigated at Assiut Governorate, Egypt during 2011. Lesions with typical symptoms of the disease were colonized by Alternaria porri, Stemphylium vesicarium or mixtures of the both pathogens comprising 2.6, 39.8 and 57.6 % of samples, respectively. Four isolates were selected for virulence evaluation according to the nature of isolation, whereas two isolates were individually associated with the diseased samples and two isolates were collectively recovered. Individually, A. porri AUMC9301 and AUMC10453 showed high virulence contributing 81.25 and 78.13 %, respectively. Also, S. vesicarium AUMC10512 and AUMC10519 exhibit severity comprising 37.50 and 25.00 %, respectively. On the other hand, mixture of A. porri AUMC10453 and S. vesicarium AUMC10519 exhibited highest virulence (91.50 %). In conclusion, this investigation proved that onion plants showing purple blotch symptoms mainly colonized by both A. porri and S. vesicarium. Consequently, increase in the disease may be attributed to the association between these pathogens.

The incidence of onion purple blotch disease was investigated at Assiut Governorate, Egypt during 2011. Lesions with typical symptoms of the disease were colonized by Alternaria porri, Stemphylium vesicarium or mixtures of the both pathogens comprising 2.6, 39.8 and 57.6 % of samples, respectively. Four isolates were selected for virulence evaluation according to the nature of isolation, whereas two isolates were individually associated with the diseased samples and two isolates were collectively recovered. Individually, A. porri AUMC9301 and AUMC10453 showed high virulence contributing 81.25 and 78.13 %, respectively. Also, S. vesicarium AUMC10512 and AUMC10519 exhibit severity comprising 37.50 and 25.00 %, respectively. On the other hand, mixture of A. porri AUMC10453 and S. vesicarium AUMC10519 exhibited highest virulence (91.50 %). In conclusion, this investigation proved that onion plants showing purple blotch symptoms mainly colonized by both A. porri and S. vesicarium. Consequently, increase in the disease may be attributed to the association between these pathogens.

The incidence of onion purple blotch disease was investigated at Assiut Governorate, Egypt during 2011. Lesions with typical symptoms of the disease were colonized by Alternaria porri, Stemphylium vesicarium or mixtures of the both pathogens comprising 2.6, 39.8 and 57.6 % of samples, respectively. Four isolates were selected for virulence evaluation according to the nature of isolation, whereas two isolates were individually associated with the diseased samples and two isolates were collectively recovered. Individually, A. porri AUMC9301 and AUMC10453 showed high virulence contributing 81.25 and 78.13 %, respectively. Also, S. vesicarium AUMC10512 and AUMC10519 exhibit severity comprising 37.50 and 25.00 %, respectively. On the other hand, mixture of A. porri AUMC10453 and S. vesicarium AUMC10519 exhibited highest virulence (91.50 %). In conclusion, this investigation proved that onion plants showing purple blotch symptoms mainly colonized by both A. porri and S. vesicarium. Consequently, increase in the disease may be attributed to the association between these pathogens.

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