The glass transition and non-isothermal crystallization
behavior of Ge20Se70Sn10 glass prepared by the
melt-quenching technique was investigated using differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) at continuous different
heating rates. The structure and surface morphology of asprepared
and annealed samples were characterized using
X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy.
The as-prepared samples showed the amorphous
glassy nature, while the annealed ones are polycrystalline.
Furthermore, XRD phase analysis allowed us to find the
SnSe2, GeSe2, Ge4Se9 and Sn0.5 SeGe0.5 phases in the
annealed samples. According to the value of Avrami index
(n), the crystallization process of studied composition has
more than one crystal growth mechanism. In addition, the
results of DSC showed that the investigated glass has only
a single glass transition and double crystallization stages.
Furthermore, the activation energy of transition as well as
the crystallization has been determined based on different
approximation methods. In addition, the experimental DSC
data of the first and second crystallization peak were
compared with that calculated with the Johnson–Mehl–
Avrami and Sestak–Berggren SB(M, N) model. The results
revealed that the SB(M, N) model is more suitable for
describing the crystallization kinetics of studied glass.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of citral on
glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxide (LPO) and vitamin C. Also, the protective effect of N.
sativa was studied. Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided into control or experimental
groups which received three different concentrations of citral (50, 100 and 200 μM), N. sativa extract (5 μl) or
a combination of N. sativa extract with citral. Citral and N. sativa groups decreased GSH & vitamin C and
NO, while increased LPO. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa increased GSH & vitamin C and decreased
LPO levels. Citral induced oxidative stress by inhibiting RA synthesis. The limited mitigative properties of N.
sativa are attributed to either its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of oxidative stress provoked by
citral and above its antioxidative capacity or the low administered dose.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of citral on
glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxide (LPO) and vitamin C. Also, the protective effect of N.
sativa was studied. Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided into control or experimental
groups which received three different concentrations of citral (50, 100 and 200 μM), N. sativa extract (5 μl) or
a combination of N. sativa extract with citral. Citral and N. sativa groups decreased GSH & vitamin C and
NO, while increased LPO. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa increased GSH & vitamin C and decreased
LPO levels. Citral induced oxidative stress by inhibiting RA synthesis. The limited mitigative properties of N.
sativa are attributed to either its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of oxidative stress provoked by
citral and above its antioxidative capacity or the low administered dose.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of citral on
glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxide (LPO) and vitamin C. Also, the protective effect of N.
sativa was studied. Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided into control or experimental
groups which received three different concentrations of citral (50, 100 and 200 μM), N. sativa extract (5 μl) or
a combination of N. sativa extract with citral. Citral and N. sativa groups decreased GSH & vitamin C and
NO, while increased LPO. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa increased GSH & vitamin C and decreased
LPO levels. Citral induced oxidative stress by inhibiting RA synthesis. The limited mitigative properties of N.
sativa are attributed to either its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of oxidative stress provoked by
citral and above its antioxidative capacity or the low administered dose.

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the entropy generation due to magnetohydrodynamic natural
convection flow and heat transfer in a porous enclosure filled with Cu-water nanofluid in the presence of
viscous dissipation effect. The left and right walls of the cavity are thermally insulated. There are heated and
cold parts, and these are placed on the bottom and top wall, respectively, whereas the remaining parts are
thermally insulated.
Design/methodology/approach – The finite volume method is used to solve the dimensionless partial
differential equations governing the problem. A comparison with previously published woks is presented and
is found to be in an excellent agreement.
Findings – The minimization of entropy generation and local heat transfer according to different values of
the governing parameters are presented in details. It is found that the presence of magnetic field has negative
effects on the local entropy generation because of heat transfer and the local total entropy generation. Also, the
increase in the heated part length leads to a decrease in the local Nusselt number.
Originality/value – This problem is original, as it has not been considered previously.

Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection flow and heat transfer in a square porous cavity differentially heated and
cooled by heat source and sink, respectively, and filled with the Cu–Al2O3–water hybrid nanofluid isstudied numerically.
The active parts of theleft and the right side walls of the cavity are maintained at cooled temperature, and the active parts of
the top and bottom walls are maintained at hot temperature. The enclosure’s inactive parts of its side walls are kept
insulated. The governing equations in the two-dimensional space are discretized using finite difference methodology.
A proper upwinding scheme is employed to obtain stabilized solutions. Using the developed code, a parametric study is
undertaken, and the effects of the Rayleigh number, the locations of the active parts of the side walls, and the volume
fraction of the nanoparticles on the fluid flow and heat transfer inside the cavity are investigated. It is observed from the
results that the average Nusselt number decreases substantially for hybrid suspension when the location of the heat source
D changes. It is noted that the velocity decreases in magnitude when Hartmann number Ha increases. The local Nusselt
number gets enhanced for the hybrid suspension as the nanoparticle volume fraction ϕ increases. It is also shown that, as
compared to Cu and Al2O3, the hybrid suspension has lower magnitude of average Nusselt number.

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