TCDD induced histological and biochemical changes in the hepatic tissues and have the ability of GT and or curcumin to prevent these changes was shown due to their activity as powerful antioxidants.

TCDD induced histological and biochemical changes in the hepatic tissues and have the ability of GT and or curcumin to prevent these changes was shown due to their activity as powerful antioxidants.

Impaired wound healing is a serious complication of diabetes that negatively affects the patient’s socioeconomic life. Multiple mechanisms contribute to impaired diabetic wound healing including deficient recruitment of wound macrophages/neutrophils and impaired neovascularization. Bee venom (BV) has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of several diseases. Nevertheless, the impacts of BV on the diabetic wound healing have been poorly studied. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying BV treatment on diabetic wound healing in a type I diabetic mouse model. Three experimental groups were used: group 1, non-diabetic control mice; group 2, vehicle-diabetic mice; and group 3, BV-treated diabetic mice. We found that the diabetic mice exhibited impaired wound closure characterized by a significant decrease in collagen and β-defensin-2 (BD-2) expression compared to control non-diabetic mice. The impairment of diabetic wound healing is attributed to increased ROS levels and abolished antioxidant enzymes activity in the wounded tissues. Additionally, wounded tissue in diabetic mice revealed aberrantly decreased levels of Ang-1 and Nrf2 (the agonist ligands of Tie-2) followed by a marked reduction in the phosphorylation of Tie2 and downstream signaling eNOS, AKT and ERK. Impaired diabetic wound healing was also characterized by a significant reduction in activities of total antioxidant enzymes followed by a marked reduction in the levels of CCL2, CCL3 and CXCL2; which led to impaired recruitment and functions of wound macrophages/neutrophils; and significant reduction in the expression of CD31, a marker for neovascularization and angiogenesis of the injured tissue. Interestingly, BV treatment significantly enhanced wound closure in diabetic mice by increasing collagen and BD-2 expression and restoring the levels of Ang-1 and Nrf2 and hence enhancing the Tie-2 downstream signaling. Most importantly, treatment of diabetic mice with BV significantly restored the activities of wounded tissue antioxidant enzymes and the levels of chemokines, and subsequently rescued wound macrophages from mitochondrial membrane potential-induced apoptosis. Our findings reveal the immune-enhancing effects of BV for improving healing process of diabetic wounds and provide the first insight concerning the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Along the Red Sea coast (at Quseir area), the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene phosphorite-bearing sediments were laid down
under shallow marine conditions. There, thick economic phosphorite beds are intercalating the Quseir, Duwi, and Dakhla
formations. Furthermore, thin phosphorite beds (< 20-cm thick) have been recorded as interbeds within the above-mentioned
rock units. Each high-grade, economic phosphorite bed experienced many successive stages of phosphogenesis. The initial stage
of phosphogenesis started with scattered phosphate peloids, which accumulated below fair-weather wave base and under calm
conditions. Subsequently, the frequency and quantities of these peloids increased with time. The closing session of the
phosphogenesis scenario was characterized by exhumation, fragmentation, and redeposition of the peloids by high-energy
episodes (i.e., storms). Prolonged action of these high-energy events resulted in mixing of peloids with other phosphatic
components in crudely fining upward sequences. Both one-event and amalgamated (multi-event) storm beds are common.
The SEM investigations have indicated that algal blooms played a vital role in the origin of the Red Sea phosphorites. These
algal blooms acted as important sites for P fixation and consequently, a release of P. Integrated field and laboratory studies have
revealed that phosphorite rocks display noticeable variations from one locality to another. These variations include changes in
thickness, P2O5 content and the hosting sediments (siliciclastics and/or carbonates). A plausible explanation for these variations
may be related to the effect of synsedimentary local tectonics.
Keywords Quseir area . Duwi formation . Phosphogenesis . Storm deposits . Phosphorites . Sedimentary traps

Along the Red Sea coast (at Quseir area), the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene phosphorite-bearing sediments were laid down
under shallow marine conditions. There, thick economic phosphorite beds are intercalating the Quseir, Duwi, and Dakhla
formations. Furthermore, thin phosphorite beds (< 20-cm thick) have been recorded as interbeds within the above-mentioned
rock units. Each high-grade, economic phosphorite bed experienced many successive stages of phosphogenesis. The initial stage
of phosphogenesis started with scattered phosphate peloids, which accumulated below fair-weather wave base and under calm
conditions. Subsequently, the frequency and quantities of these peloids increased with time. The closing session of the
phosphogenesis scenario was characterized by exhumation, fragmentation, and redeposition of the peloids by high-energy
episodes (i.e., storms). Prolonged action of these high-energy events resulted in mixing of peloids with other phosphatic
components in crudely fining upward sequences. Both one-event and amalgamated (multi-event) storm beds are common.
The SEM investigations have indicated that algal blooms played a vital role in the origin of the Red Sea phosphorites. These
algal blooms acted as important sites for P fixation and consequently, a release of P. Integrated field and laboratory studies have
revealed that phosphorite rocks display noticeable variations from one locality to another. These variations include changes in
thickness, P2O5 content and the hosting sediments (siliciclastics and/or carbonates). A plausible explanation for these variations
may be related to the effect of synsedimentary local tectonics.
Keywords Quseir area . Duwi formation . Phosphogenesis . Storm deposits . Phosphorites . Sedimentary traps

Along the Red Sea coast (at Quseir area), the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene phosphorite-bearing sediments were laid down
under shallow marine conditions. There, thick economic phosphorite beds are intercalating the Quseir, Duwi, and Dakhla
formations. Furthermore, thin phosphorite beds (< 20-cm thick) have been recorded as interbeds within the above-mentioned
rock units. Each high-grade, economic phosphorite bed experienced many successive stages of phosphogenesis. The initial stage
of phosphogenesis started with scattered phosphate peloids, which accumulated below fair-weather wave base and under calm
conditions. Subsequently, the frequency and quantities of these peloids increased with time. The closing session of the
phosphogenesis scenario was characterized by exhumation, fragmentation, and redeposition of the peloids by high-energy
episodes (i.e., storms). Prolonged action of these high-energy events resulted in mixing of peloids with other phosphatic
components in crudely fining upward sequences. Both one-event and amalgamated (multi-event) storm beds are common.
The SEM investigations have indicated that algal blooms played a vital role in the origin of the Red Sea phosphorites. These
algal blooms acted as important sites for P fixation and consequently, a release of P. Integrated field and laboratory studies have
revealed that phosphorite rocks display noticeable variations from one locality to another. These variations include changes in
thickness, P2O5 content and the hosting sediments (siliciclastics and/or carbonates). A plausible explanation for these variations
may be related to the effect of synsedimentary local tectonics.
Keywords Quseir area . Duwi formation . Phosphogenesis . Storm deposits . Phosphorites . Sedimentary traps

Along the Red Sea coast (at Quseir area), the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene phosphorite-bearing sediments were laid down
under shallow marine conditions. There, thick economic phosphorite beds are intercalating the Quseir, Duwi, and Dakhla
formations. Furthermore, thin phosphorite beds (< 20-cm thick) have been recorded as interbeds within the above-mentioned
rock units. Each high-grade, economic phosphorite bed experienced many successive stages of phosphogenesis. The initial stage
of phosphogenesis started with scattered phosphate peloids, which accumulated below fair-weather wave base and under calm
conditions. Subsequently, the frequency and quantities of these peloids increased with time. The closing session of the
phosphogenesis scenario was characterized by exhumation, fragmentation, and redeposition of the peloids by high-energy
episodes (i.e., storms). Prolonged action of these high-energy events resulted in mixing of peloids with other phosphatic
components in crudely fining upward sequences. Both one-event and amalgamated (multi-event) storm beds are common.
The SEM investigations have indicated that algal blooms played a vital role in the origin of the Red Sea phosphorites. These
algal blooms acted as important sites for P fixation and consequently, a release of P. Integrated field and laboratory studies have
revealed that phosphorite rocks display noticeable variations from one locality to another. These variations include changes in
thickness, P2O5 content and the hosting sediments (siliciclastics and/or carbonates). A plausible explanation for these variations
may be related to the effect of synsedimentary local tectonics.
Keywords Quseir area . Duwi formation . Phosphogenesis . Storm deposits . Phosphorites . Sedimentary traps

Impairment of retinoic acid results in different malformations during embryonic development. Nigella sativa is used in public medicine for treatment of a wide range of diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant effect of N. sativa L. seed extracts during development of the chick embryo. The embryos were treated with citral to inhibit endogenous retinoic or treated with a combination of citral and N. sativa extract. ROS (The reactive oxygen species), was measured as indicator for oxidative stress. ROS significantly increase in the embryo after treatment with citral. Treatment with N. sativa extract only exerted antineoplastic properties through elevating the ROS to significantly higher levels compared to control. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa partly mitigated the oxidative stress levels by reducing the ROS levels compared to citral alone. The partial mitigation of N. sativa is suggested to be due to its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of ROS produced by citral above its antioxidative capacity, mode of extraction or the low concentration used in the experiment. Also, N. sativa is not recommended as a food supplement for infants and newborns.

Impairment of retinoic acid results in different malformations during embryonic development. Nigella sativa is used in public medicine for treatment of a wide range of diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant effect of N. sativa L. seed extracts during development of the chick embryo. The embryos were treated with citral to inhibit endogenous retinoic or treated with a combination of citral and N. sativa extract. ROS (The reactive oxygen species), was measured as indicator for oxidative stress. ROS significantly increase in the embryo after treatment with citral. Treatment with N. sativa extract only exerted antineoplastic properties through elevating the ROS to significantly higher levels compared to control. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa partly mitigated the oxidative stress levels by reducing the ROS levels compared to citral alone. The partial mitigation of N. sativa is suggested to be due to its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of ROS produced by citral above its antioxidative capacity, mode of extraction or the low concentration used in the experiment. Also, N. sativa is not recommended as a food supplement for infants and newborns.

Impairment of retinoic acid results in different malformations during embryonic development. Nigella sativa is used in public medicine for treatment of a wide range of diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant effect of N. sativa L. seed extracts during development of the chick embryo. The embryos were treated with citral to inhibit endogenous retinoic or treated with a combination of citral and N. sativa extract. ROS (The reactive oxygen species), was measured as indicator for oxidative stress. ROS significantly increase in the embryo after treatment with citral. Treatment with N. sativa extract only exerted antineoplastic properties through elevating the ROS to significantly higher levels compared to control. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa partly mitigated the oxidative stress levels by reducing the ROS levels compared to citral alone. The partial mitigation of N. sativa is suggested to be due to its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of ROS produced by citral above its antioxidative capacity, mode of extraction or the low concentration used in the experiment. Also, N. sativa is not recommended as a food supplement for infants and newborns.