Because of the serious damaging signs induced by aphids on cereal crops, changes in the biochemical parameters of these pests in response to feeding on different varieties of cereal crops require attention. This work addressed the effects of five varieties of barley (Giza 123, Giza124, Giza125, Giza132 and Giza 2000) and four varieties of wheat (Sids 1, Giza 168, Shanduel 1 and Gemieza 11) that are cultivated in Egypt on the apterous adults of the corn aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis. Giza 125 and Giza 132 of barley highly decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidants compared to other barley varieties. Giza123, Giza 124 and Giza 2000 caused a significant decrease in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. Shanduel 1 and Giza 168 impaired the levels of CAT, SOD and the total antioxidant content in R. maidis. GST was in the lowest level in case of Sids 1 and Gemeiza 11 of wheat. Amylase was reduced by three varieties of barley (Giza 123, Giza 125 and Giza 132). The latter two varieties (Giza 125 and Giza 132) decreased the lipase activity in R. maidis. Lipase activity did not change in all varieties of wheat-fed R. maidis while a single variety (Shanduel 1) had the most negative impact on amylase activity in R. maidis. The present investigation emphasized that the cultivation of right field crops can manage aphids that attack them via targeting some metabolic pathways.

Because of the serious damaging signs induced by aphids on cereal crops, changes in the biochemical parameters of these pests in response to feeding on different varieties of cereal crops require attention. This work addressed the effects of five varieties of barley (Giza 123, Giza124, Giza125, Giza132 and Giza 2000) and four varieties of wheat (Sids 1, Giza 168, Shanduel 1 and Gemieza 11) that are cultivated in Egypt on the apterous adults of the corn aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis. Giza 125 and Giza 132 of barley highly decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidants compared to other barley varieties. Giza123, Giza 124 and Giza 2000 caused a significant decrease in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. Shanduel 1 and Giza 168 impaired the levels of CAT, SOD and the total antioxidant content in R. maidis. GST was in the lowest level in case of Sids 1 and Gemeiza 11 of wheat. Amylase was reduced by three varieties of barley (Giza 123, Giza 125 and Giza 132). The latter two varieties (Giza 125 and Giza 132) decreased the lipase activity in R. maidis. Lipase activity did not change in all varieties of wheat-fed R. maidis while a single variety (Shanduel 1) had the most negative impact on amylase activity in R. maidis. The present investigation emphasized that the cultivation of right field crops can manage aphids that attack them via targeting some metabolic pathways.

Because of the serious damaging signs induced by aphids on cereal crops, changes in the biochemical parameters of these pests in response to feeding on different varieties of cereal crops require attention. This work addressed the effects of five varieties of barley (Giza 123, Giza124, Giza125, Giza132 and Giza 2000) and four varieties of wheat (Sids 1, Giza 168, Shanduel 1 and Gemieza 11) that are cultivated in Egypt on the apterous adults of the corn aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis. Giza 125 and Giza 132 of barley highly decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the total antioxidants compared to other barley varieties. Giza123, Giza 124 and Giza 2000 caused a significant decrease in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity. Shanduel 1 and Giza 168 impaired the levels of CAT, SOD and the total antioxidant content in R. maidis. GST was in the lowest level in case of Sids 1 and Gemeiza 11 of wheat. Amylase was reduced by three varieties of barley (Giza 123, Giza 125 and Giza 132). The latter two varieties (Giza 125 and Giza 132) decreased the lipase activity in R. maidis. Lipase activity did not change in all varieties of wheat-fed R. maidis while a single variety (Shanduel 1) had the most negative impact on amylase activity in R. maidis. The present investigation emphasized that the cultivation of right field crops can manage aphids that attack them via targeting some metabolic pathways.

Aphids cause serious damage to cereal crops worldwide leading to great economic loss. In this work, we addressed the correlation between the infestation rate of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the changes in some biochemical parameters after feeding on three cultivars of both sorghum (local, drado, and sphinix) and maize (local, unique 6 and triple 310) plants cultivated at Assiut University farm in Egypt. Local variety of sorghum showed lower infestation rate by R. maidis than drado and sphinix varieties, as well as it led to significant enhancement of total antioxidant, carbohydrates, and lipids, and activity of amylase and lipase. On the other hand, local strain of maize showed higher infestation rate by R. maidis than unique 6 and triple 310 varieties. The higher infestation rate to local variety of maize was associated with significant increase in total antioxidants, carbohydrate, and lipid content, and activity of amylase and lipase. This research suggests that there was no correlation between the infestation rate of R. maidis fed on different cultivars of sorghum and maize and the total content of antioxidants, carbohydrate and lipid content, as well as their catabolic pathways.

Aphids cause serious damage to cereal crops worldwide leading to great economic loss. In this work, we addressed the correlation between the infestation rate of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the changes in some biochemical parameters after feeding on three cultivars of both sorghum (local, drado, and sphinix) and maize (local, unique 6 and triple 310) plants cultivated at Assiut University farm in Egypt. Local variety of sorghum showed lower infestation rate by R. maidis than drado and sphinix varieties, as well as it led to significant enhancement of total antioxidant, carbohydrates, and lipids, and activity of amylase and lipase. On the other hand, local strain of maize showed higher infestation rate by R. maidis than unique 6 and triple 310 varieties. The higher infestation rate to local variety of maize was associated with significant increase in total antioxidants, carbohydrate, and lipid content, and activity of amylase and lipase. This research suggests that there was no correlation between the infestation rate of R. maidis fed on different cultivars of sorghum and maize and the total content of antioxidants, carbohydrate and lipid content, as well as their catabolic pathways.

Aphids cause serious damage to cereal crops worldwide leading to great economic loss. In this work, we addressed the correlation between the infestation rate of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and the changes in some biochemical parameters after feeding on three cultivars of both sorghum (local, drado, and sphinix) and maize (local, unique 6 and triple 310) plants cultivated at Assiut University farm in Egypt. Local variety of sorghum showed lower infestation rate by R. maidis than drado and sphinix varieties, as well as it led to significant enhancement of total antioxidant, carbohydrates, and lipids, and activity of amylase and lipase. On the other hand, local strain of maize showed higher infestation rate by R. maidis than unique 6 and triple 310 varieties. The higher infestation rate to local variety of maize was associated with significant increase in total antioxidants, carbohydrate, and lipid content, and activity of amylase and lipase. This research suggests that there was no correlation between the infestation rate of R. maidis fed on different cultivars of sorghum and maize and the total content of antioxidants, carbohydrate and lipid content, as well as their catabolic pathways.

The current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca, Coturnix coturnix japonica to understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. The cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diameter showed great variations during the development. An undeveloped smooth muscularis mucosa was observed for the first time on the ED5. Primordia of glands were observed on the ED7. On the ED15, the middle part exhibited two shapes of mucosal villi: tongue-shaped villi and U-shaped. The plicae and crypts of Lieberkühn were demonstrated on the hatching day. The lymphatic tissues appeared in the wall of both parts of the ceca at the 4 weeks of age. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a great difference in the mucosal surface between different regions. Telocytes were observed in-between the muscle fibers and formed a network during the post-hatching period. Because of fermentation and other bacterial or chemical processes that have been shown to occur in the ceca, this study supports two hypotheses: the cecal development is related to diet and the cecal epithelium act as a site for primary absorption of nutrients or for re-absorption of electrolytes or amino acids derived from the urine.

The current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca, Coturnix coturnix japonica to understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. The cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diameter showed great variations during the development. An undeveloped smooth muscularis mucosa was observed for the first time on the ED5. Primordia of glands were observed on the ED7. On the ED15, the middle part exhibited two shapes of mucosal villi: tongue-shaped villi and U-shaped. The plicae and crypts of Lieberkühn were demonstrated on the hatching day. The lymphatic tissues appeared in the wall of both parts of the ceca at the 4 weeks of age. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a great difference in the mucosal surface between different regions. Telocytes were observed in-between the muscle fibers and formed a network during the post-hatching period. Because of fermentation and other bacterial or chemical processes that have been shown to occur in the ceca, this study supports two hypotheses: the cecal development is related to diet and the cecal epithelium act as a site for primary absorption of nutrients or for re-absorption of electrolytes or amino acids derived from the urine.

The current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca, Coturnix coturnix japonica to understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. The cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diameter showed great variations during the development. An undeveloped smooth muscularis mucosa was observed for the first time on the ED5. Primordia of glands were observed on the ED7. On the ED15, the middle part exhibited two shapes of mucosal villi: tongue-shaped villi and U-shaped. The plicae and crypts of Lieberkühn were demonstrated on the hatching day. The lymphatic tissues appeared in the wall of both parts of the ceca at the 4 weeks of age. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a great difference in the mucosal surface between different regions. Telocytes were observed in-between the muscle fibers and formed a network during the post-hatching period. Because of fermentation and other bacterial or chemical processes that have been shown to occur in the ceca, this study supports two hypotheses: the cecal development is related to diet and the cecal epithelium act as a site for primary absorption of nutrients or for re-absorption of electrolytes or amino acids derived from the urine.

The current investigation was carried out to record the final stages of the development of both middle and distal parts of quail ceca, Coturnix coturnix japonica to understand the role of ceca in digestion, immune system, and absorption. The cellular and subcellular structures, including epithelial cell height, microvillus surface area, the proportion of goblet cells, the thickness of muscle layer, and cecum diameter showed great variations during the development. An undeveloped smooth muscularis mucosa was observed for the first time on the ED5. Primordia of glands were observed on the ED7. On the ED15, the middle part exhibited two shapes of mucosal villi: tongue-shaped villi and U-shaped. The plicae and crypts of Lieberkühn were demonstrated on the hatching day. The lymphatic tissues appeared in the wall of both parts of the ceca at the 4 weeks of age. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a great difference in the mucosal surface between different regions. Telocytes were observed in-between the muscle fibers and formed a network during the post-hatching period. Because of fermentation and other bacterial or chemical processes that have been shown to occur in the ceca, this study supports two hypotheses: the cecal development is related to diet and the cecal epithelium act as a site for primary absorption of nutrients or for re-absorption of electrolytes or amino acids derived from the urine.