Here we present a deaggregation appraisal conducted for 15 selected significant cities in Western Mexico, for four oscillation periods (PGA, SA (0.2 s), SA (1.0 s), and SA (2.0 s)), also considering a different input for the soil condition (for B, B/C and C NEHRP site classes), and for two return periods (475 and 975 years). This study is based on a previous complete recently published seismic hazard evaluation for the region. An area source model consisting of thirty-seven seismic sources has been used alternatively in a logic tree with a spatially smoothed seismicity model for the same region. The obtained hazard deaggregation results prove that for most of the studied cities –those located along the Pacific coast–, nearby seismic sources are contributing most to the seismic hazard at the studied location, especially for lower periods (PGA and SA (0.2 s)). However, for a few cities far from the Middle America Trench, distant large-magnitude earthquakes contribute more to the seismic hazard, especially at larger spectral periods (SA (1.0 s) and SA (2.0 s)). Additionally, this study shows that the differences in the soil conditions for the computed return periods, have a little influence on the obtained
deaggregation results

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convection of heat and mass transfer is carried out using finite difference method applied inside a tilted porous cavity saturated with a hybrid nanofluid due to the presence of the double-moving lid and the heat sources. In contrast to the earlier research, various effects which are recognized by heat generation in the local thermal non-equilibrium case at the extended Brinkman Darcy model subjected to inclined magnetic field are thoroughly examined numerically. For instance, unusual observations of the cold mass surrounding the heat source emphasize that the maximum fluid temperature highly depends on the forced convection. Additionally, solid-phase temperature acts in accordance to the heat source location while fluid temperature is agitated by the moveable sides which points up the disparity at the thermal energy transportation. However, the transfer of heat and 

This paper explores the heat transfer by mixed convection within double lid-driven enclosures filled with Cu–AlO hybrid nanofluids. The domain contains T-shaped baffles and is filled with local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) porous medium. The wavy boundaries are partially cooled, while the inner baffles have constant heat flux conditions. Mathematical formulations for the system irreversibility in cases of LTNE, constant heat flux conditions and double diffusive are presented and analyzed. The solution methodology is depending on the finite volume scheme in case of non-orthogonal grids. The major results revealed that the alteration of the undulation number  from 1 to 5 gives an augmentation in values of  up to 4.57%. Also, the increase in the lengths of the baffles causes a reduction in the flow, while  is rising. Furthermore, the alteration in Ri from 0.5 to 10 gives an augmentation in  up to

The phenomena of unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) natural convection flow in an inclined square cavity filled with nanofluid and containing a heated circular obstacle at its center with heat generation/absorption impact are examined numerically. The cavity’s right and left walls are maintained at low temperatures, while the remaining walls are adiabatic. The volumetric external force, MHD, is applied across the inclined cavity. A penalty formulation-based finite element method is used to solve the nonlinear set of governing equations iteratively. The numerical scheme and results are validated through a comparison with the benchmark results, and it shows that our solutions are in good agreement with them. The results are shown in terms of contours of streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number. It is observed that MHD alters the streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number and dominates …

This paper aims to examine impacts of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux on the magnetohydrodynamic convective transport within irregular containers in the presence of the thermal radiation. Both of the magnetic field and flow domain are slant with the inclination angles Ω and γ, respectively. The worked fluid is consisting of water (H 2 O) and Al 2 O 3-Cu hybrid nanoparticles. The enclosures are filled with a porous medium, and the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) model between the hybrid nanofluids and the porous elements are considered. Influences of various types of the obstacles are examined, namely, horizontal cold elliptic, vertical elliptic and cross section ellipsis. The solution methodology is depending on the finite volume method with nonorthogonal grids. The major outcomes revealed that the location (0.75, 0.5) is better for the rate of the flow and temperature gradients. The higher values of H* causes that the solid phase temperature has a similar behavior of the fluid phase temperature indicating to the thermal equilibrium state. Also, the fluid-phase average Nusselt number is maximizing by increasing Cattaneo–Christov heat flux factor.

In this manuscript, we study (HGE) on magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in hybrid nanofluid (Tio2-Cu/Water) in the wavy porous cavity with a lid-driven using local thermal non-equilibrium model (LTNEM) condition. The impacts of the inclined magnetic field, internal heat generation, and the volume of the solid fraction on the flow and heat structures are investigated. This kind of problem may be viable in the refrigeration systems of microelectronic devices and wall bricks, systems of underground cable, and mass and heat transfer occurring in chemical reactors. The dominant equations and the conditions of the boundaries are converted for dimensionless equations. These equations are solved numerically using the SIMPLER algorithm based on the finite volume method. The results are represented graphically by streamlines, isotherms, iso-concentrations, local Nusselt numbers, local Sherwood numbers, and average Nusselt numbers. The results showed that the isothermal wavy walls and the internal heat source had an essential effect on the fluid flow and heat transfer. Furthermore, the position of the heat source and large values of the heat generation parameter enhanced the rate of heat transfer and decreased the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. On the other hand, the rise of the Hartmann number restricted nanofluid transport. Moreover, the

In the current investigation, a (TiO 2–Ag/water) hybrid nanofluid (NF), saturated porous medium filled wavy-walled enclosure, and an unstable magneto-mixed convective flow are examined. Heat radiation (Rd) is present with the constant magnetic field (B0), and the cavity, which is partially heated from its bottom wall and cooled from its wavy-left and right walls, contains a square solid block that is solidly surrounded on all sides. The governing PDEs, which are represented in terms of stream function, temperature, and nanoparticle volume percent, are numerically solved using a finite volume technique. It is discovered that as the dimensionless heat source length (B) rises, the streamlines' strength marginally changes while the isotherms in the wavy porous cavity grow increasingly obvious. The results show that increasing the number of undulations and hybrid NF generally produces a higher average Nusselt number …

Salt stress has a significant impact on agricultural output, affecting seed germination and seedling growth. The uncontrolled production of oxidative species (ROS) induces a range of biochemical, physiological, and metabolic changes, resulting in reduced crop yields. Under such circumstances, seed priming may be a feasible and practicable approach for achieving rapid, uniform emergence, vigorous seedlings, and higher crop yields. The present study was therefore executed to explore efficacious effects of various seed priming agents, such as hydro-priming (HP), CaCl2 @ 2% (CaP), and melatonin @ 1000 M (MP) to cope with salt stress in salt-affected fields. A non-priming control treatment (WP) was also included in the trial to allow for a fair comparison of the treatments. Three promising maize genotypes, SB-9617 (V1), YH-1898 (V2), and NCEV-1530-9, were investigated with these priming treatments (V3). The study results depicted that all seed priming methods significantly attenuated the adverse effects of salt stress. However, seed priming with melatonin (MP), on the other hand, improved development and adaptability in maize seedlings under salt stress conditions. In our findings, melatonin priming (MP) significantly produced the higher total soluble sugar (34.6%), total phenolics contents (61.1%), proline contents (45.1 %), and total soluble protein contents (34.8 %), combined with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity viz., SOD (32.5%), POD (18.2%) and CAT (17.1%) than un-primed (WP). The improved organic osmolytes coupled with activated enzymatic defense system in melatonin priming (MP) caused a significant reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (35.1%), H2O2 concentration (31.3%) and electrolyte leakage (16.9%) via improving the ROS scavenging activity (15.6%), membrane stability (22.7%) and relative water contents (29.3%) relative to un-primed treatment (WP). The melatonin primed plants also exhibited the highest crop growth and leaf area indices without causing substantial damage to the chlorophyll contents, resulting in increased radiation interception (PAR) and its usage efficiency with improved yield. Interestingly, SB- 9617 (V2) was proved the outperforming maize genotype in maintaining better crop growth and yield with improved physiological and biochemical characters under salt-affected field conditions. The current findings may serve as a chunk of scientific information for the researchers to disclose further the unexplored aspects of salt tolerance mechanism in maize crop to achieve sustainability in crop yield in salt-affected soils.

Approximately 33% of the arable land around the world is vulnerable to drought, which is a very serious issue affecting the yield
and productivity of cereal crops. Two contrasting rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes, HTT-138 (drought tolerant) and (HTT-39 droughtsensitive),
under various levels of water treatments, i.e. control flooded (CF) as recommended for rice (control), control saturated (CS)
100% field capacity (FC), 80% FC, and 60% FC without or with foliar spray (100 mg L–1) of salicylic acid (SA) evaluated to enhance the
yield for food security. The results showed that leaf gas exchange parameters, water use efficiency and water related parameters reduced
under all levels of water deficient conditions. Drought stress increased oxidative stress (superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide) and
decreased after foliar spray of SA due to enhancement in antioxidant activity (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide
dismutase). Ascorbic acid, total soluble protein, total soluble sugar, total phenolics, proline, anthocyanin, salicylic acid, and amylase
activity were reduced under drought stress and increased after foliar spray of SA. HTT-138 showed more tolerance to the drought
stress than HTT-39 under the same levels of water deficient conditions. Although drought-stress was ameliorated by the foliar spray of
SA which not only increased plant growth, dry weight, and metabolism or metabolic activities but also increased the nutritional status
of the plant by decreasing the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the membranous bounded organelles. In conclusion,
the foliar spray of SA is useful to enhance plant growth and yield in cereal crops especially those grown in abiotic stress environments

Lake Qarun, the third-largest saline lake in Egypt, has been plagued with algal blooms and experienced decline in fisheries. However, the toxicity of these blooms has not explored yet. Therefore, the present study is the first to evaluate the toxicity of the most frequently recorded harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Lake Qarun. The results showed an occurrence of dinoflagellate bloom in site1 located near El-Bats drain (1.4 ×10 8 cells L −1 ) and site 2 located near El-Wadi drain (1.9 ×10 8 cells L −1 ), but not found in site 3 located away from drains. This bloom associated with high nutrient concentrations and low salinity in these sites. Both intact cells and cell lysate of bloom samples and cultured species, but not cell-free supernatants, exhibited toxicity towards Artemia salina and cytotoxicity for the gill assay, with higher toxicity incurred by lysed cells. The cytotoxicity varied signif- icantly among bloom-constituting species, with highest obtained by the most dominant species; Protoperidinium quinquecorne (LC 50 = 445 cells ml −1 for lysed cells), Prorocentrum micans (LC 50 = 757 cells ml −1 ) , Gymnodinium lantzschii (LC 50 = 1151 cells ml −1 ) and Am- phidinium carterae (LC 50 = 1289 cells ml −1 ). These LC 50 s showed greater correlation with the percentages of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA): octadecatetraenoic (OTA), eicos- apentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in these microalgae, indicating the role of these fatty acids in ichthyotoxicity. No detectable levels of known phycotoxins were found in bloom or cultured species. This study suggests regular monitoring and systematic as- sessment of HABs and their toxins in Lake Qarun to mitigate their occurrence and maintain fisheries and seafood safety.