There is a growing demand for the efficient treatment
of seaweed biomass and the production of seaweeddegrading
enzymes. Fifteen algicolous fungi were isolated
from the Red Sea macroalgae in Egypt and were studied for
their capability of utilizing Sargassum and Palisada biomass
and subsequent production of different thallus-degrading enzymes.
Most of the fungi efficiently saccharified the
macroalgal extracts that amounted to more than 70 % of the
sugars in the unfermented macroalgal extract. Algicolous fungi
fermented Sargassum through extracellular fucoidanases
and alginases that were negatively correlated as revealed by
principal component analysis (PCA), suggesting an antagonistic
degradation of Sargassum polysaccharides. Extracellular
agarases resulted in efficient fermentation of Palisada
biomass. Fungi expressed also amylase and protease activities
that were low or nonexistent and biomass-dependent.Amylase
showed positive correlation with agarase as indicated by PCA,
which suggests that the two enzymes synergistically degrade
Palisada biomass. The enzymatic cocktails were also able to
release reducing sugars from the powdered macroalgal thalli,
indicating the importance of enzymes in the saprophytic
growth of fungi. Generally, enzymatic activities and specific
activities of fucoidanase, alginase, and agarase in algicolous
fungi were higher than reported previously for non-algicolous
fungi. Enzymatic activities of the marine brown algal pathogen
Lindra thalassiae indicated that infection by this pathogen
might occur through alginases. The results shed light into
production of less expensive enzymatic mixtures from an
understudied group of microorganisms targeting seaweeddegradation.
These enzymes have many biotechnological
and industrial applications as thallus maceration and protoplast
isolation despite bioactivity of obtained oligosaccharides

There is a growing demand for the efficient treatment
of seaweed biomass and the production of seaweeddegrading
enzymes. Fifteen algicolous fungi were isolated
from the Red Sea macroalgae in Egypt and were studied for
their capability of utilizing Sargassum and Palisada biomass
and subsequent production of different thallus-degrading enzymes.
Most of the fungi efficiently saccharified the
macroalgal extracts that amounted to more than 70 % of the
sugars in the unfermented macroalgal extract. Algicolous fungi
fermented Sargassum through extracellular fucoidanases
and alginases that were negatively correlated as revealed by
principal component analysis (PCA), suggesting an antagonistic
degradation of Sargassum polysaccharides. Extracellular
agarases resulted in efficient fermentation of Palisada
biomass. Fungi expressed also amylase and protease activities
that were low or nonexistent and biomass-dependent.Amylase
showed positive correlation with agarase as indicated by PCA,
which suggests that the two enzymes synergistically degrade
Palisada biomass. The enzymatic cocktails were also able to
release reducing sugars from the powdered macroalgal thalli,
indicating the importance of enzymes in the saprophytic
growth of fungi. Generally, enzymatic activities and specific
activities of fucoidanase, alginase, and agarase in algicolous
fungi were higher than reported previously for non-algicolous
fungi. Enzymatic activities of the marine brown algal pathogen
Lindra thalassiae indicated that infection by this pathogen
might occur through alginases. The results shed light into
production of less expensive enzymatic mixtures from an
understudied group of microorganisms targeting seaweeddegradation.
These enzymes have many biotechnological
and industrial applications as thallus maceration and protoplast
isolation despite bioactivity of obtained oligosaccharides

There is a growing demand for the efficient treatment
of seaweed biomass and the production of seaweeddegrading
enzymes. Fifteen algicolous fungi were isolated
from the Red Sea macroalgae in Egypt and were studied for
their capability of utilizing Sargassum and Palisada biomass
and subsequent production of different thallus-degrading enzymes.
Most of the fungi efficiently saccharified the
macroalgal extracts that amounted to more than 70 % of the
sugars in the unfermented macroalgal extract. Algicolous fungi
fermented Sargassum through extracellular fucoidanases
and alginases that were negatively correlated as revealed by
principal component analysis (PCA), suggesting an antagonistic
degradation of Sargassum polysaccharides. Extracellular
agarases resulted in efficient fermentation of Palisada
biomass. Fungi expressed also amylase and protease activities
that were low or nonexistent and biomass-dependent.Amylase
showed positive correlation with agarase as indicated by PCA,
which suggests that the two enzymes synergistically degrade
Palisada biomass. The enzymatic cocktails were also able to
release reducing sugars from the powdered macroalgal thalli,
indicating the importance of enzymes in the saprophytic
growth of fungi. Generally, enzymatic activities and specific
activities of fucoidanase, alginase, and agarase in algicolous
fungi were higher than reported previously for non-algicolous
fungi. Enzymatic activities of the marine brown algal pathogen
Lindra thalassiae indicated that infection by this pathogen
might occur through alginases. The results shed light into
production of less expensive enzymatic mixtures from an
understudied group of microorganisms targeting seaweeddegradation.
These enzymes have many biotechnological
and industrial applications as thallus maceration and protoplast
isolation despite bioactivity of obtained oligosaccharides

There is a growing demand for the efficient treatment
of seaweed biomass and the production of seaweeddegrading
enzymes. Fifteen algicolous fungi were isolated
from the Red Sea macroalgae in Egypt and were studied for
their capability of utilizing Sargassum and Palisada biomass
and subsequent production of different thallus-degrading enzymes.
Most of the fungi efficiently saccharified the
macroalgal extracts that amounted to more than 70 % of the
sugars in the unfermented macroalgal extract. Algicolous fungi
fermented Sargassum through extracellular fucoidanases
and alginases that were negatively correlated as revealed by
principal component analysis (PCA), suggesting an antagonistic
degradation of Sargassum polysaccharides. Extracellular
agarases resulted in efficient fermentation of Palisada
biomass. Fungi expressed also amylase and protease activities
that were low or nonexistent and biomass-dependent.Amylase
showed positive correlation with agarase as indicated by PCA,
which suggests that the two enzymes synergistically degrade
Palisada biomass. The enzymatic cocktails were also able to
release reducing sugars from the powdered macroalgal thalli,
indicating the importance of enzymes in the saprophytic
growth of fungi. Generally, enzymatic activities and specific
activities of fucoidanase, alginase, and agarase in algicolous
fungi were higher than reported previously for non-algicolous
fungi. Enzymatic activities of the marine brown algal pathogen
Lindra thalassiae indicated that infection by this pathogen
might occur through alginases. The results shed light into
production of less expensive enzymatic mixtures from an
understudied group of microorganisms targeting seaweeddegradation.
These enzymes have many biotechnological
and industrial applications as thallus maceration and protoplast
isolation despite bioactivity of obtained oligosaccharides

The study of fungal species diversity from
marine algae is in its infancy; as now no studies have
been carried out on the distribution and diversity of
fungi on the surfaces of marine macroalgae where all
fungal–algal interactions tend to begin. The aim of this
study was to isolate and describe the culturable part of
mycobiota associated with the surface of benthic
marine macroalgae (epiphytic or epibiotic fungi). This
is an important step in understanding their abundance,
diversity and factors influencing their variability and
composition. The fungal community was dominated
by Ascomycetes (89%) with Eurotiales as the most
abundant fungal order followed by Capnodiales,
Pleosporales, and Hypocreales, while Zygomycetes
was less frequent. The nature of occurrence of fungal
genera on different macroalgal hosts suggests that a
mix of generalists’ framework applies to fungal
epiphytes of seaweeds, but the abundance of fungal
taxa varied among ecological functional groups of
algae, as well as macroalgal taxonomic groups, which
imply host filtering. The fungal assemblages were also
characterized by temporal variation with variation in
temperature, pH, and salinity as the most important
abiotic factors. The structure of fungal assemblages
showed high beta diversity and low similarity between
hosts.

The study of fungal species diversity from
marine algae is in its infancy; as now no studies have
been carried out on the distribution and diversity of
fungi on the surfaces of marine macroalgae where all
fungal–algal interactions tend to begin. The aim of this
study was to isolate and describe the culturable part of
mycobiota associated with the surface of benthic
marine macroalgae (epiphytic or epibiotic fungi). This
is an important step in understanding their abundance,
diversity and factors influencing their variability and
composition. The fungal community was dominated
by Ascomycetes (89%) with Eurotiales as the most
abundant fungal order followed by Capnodiales,
Pleosporales, and Hypocreales, while Zygomycetes
was less frequent. The nature of occurrence of fungal
genera on different macroalgal hosts suggests that a
mix of generalists’ framework applies to fungal
epiphytes of seaweeds, but the abundance of fungal
taxa varied among ecological functional groups of
algae, as well as macroalgal taxonomic groups, which
imply host filtering. The fungal assemblages were also
characterized by temporal variation with variation in
temperature, pH, and salinity as the most important
abiotic factors. The structure of fungal assemblages
showed high beta diversity and low similarity between
hosts.

This work is focused on the effects of heat source/sink, viscous dissipation, radiation and work done by deformation on flow and heat transfer of a viscoelastic fluid over a nonlinear stretching sheet. The similarity transformations have been used to convert the governing partial differential equations into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These equations are then solved numerically using a very efficient implicit finite difference method. Favorable comparison with previously published work is performed and it is found to be in excellent agreement. The results of this parametric study are shown in several plots and tables and the physical aspects of the problem are highlighted and discussed