To cope better with desert harsh conditions or to improve their growth magnitude and productivity, jojoba plants might need some aid. One week drought, over a period of two months, was stressful as it induced severe growth inhibition compared with maintained 50% field capacity. In addition, jojoba sustained growth throughout the whole experimental period (4 months) relying on a minimum of nitrate (tap water or 25% Hoagland concentration). Extra nitrate (1 25%) was stimulatory to growth in full hydration and may overcome growth inhibition in partial hydration but not in drought. The osmoregulants (soluble sugars, proline and amino acids), membrane properties (leakage of K, electrolytes and UV absorbing metabolites as well as lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (phenolics, catalase, guiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) were assessed to evaluate drought stress impacts. They did not respond identically to drought leading to confusion which is most-expressing manifestation of drought stress. From which, enhanced proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation with inhibited ascorbate peroxidase displayed a clear cut and reliable stress biomarkers. The antioxidant phenolics increased with increasing nitrate in water-stressed jojoba leaves (50% field capacity or one week drought). Nitrate may participate in scavenging electrons since lipid peroxidation was lowered at high nitrate levels.

To cope better with desert harsh conditions or to improve their growth magnitude and productivity, jojoba plants might need some aid. One week drought, over a period of two months, was stressful as it induced severe growth inhibition compared with maintained 50% field capacity. In addition, jojoba sustained growth throughout the whole experimental period (4 months) relying on a minimum of nitrate (tap water or 25% Hoagland concentration). Extra nitrate (1 25%) was stimulatory to growth in full hydration and may overcome growth inhibition in partial hydration but not in drought. The osmoregulants (soluble sugars, proline and amino acids), membrane properties (leakage of K, electrolytes and UV absorbing metabolites as well as lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (phenolics, catalase, guiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) were assessed to evaluate drought stress impacts. They did not respond identically to drought leading to confusion which is most-expressing manifestation of drought stress. From which, enhanced proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation with inhibited ascorbate peroxidase displayed a clear cut and reliable stress biomarkers. The antioxidant phenolics increased with increasing nitrate in water-stressed jojoba leaves (50% field capacity or one week drought). Nitrate may participate in scavenging electrons since lipid peroxidation was lowered at high nitrate levels.

To cope better with desert harsh conditions or to improve their growth magnitude and productivity, jojoba plants might need some aid. One week drought, over a period of two months, was stressful as it induced severe growth inhibition compared with maintained 50% field capacity. In addition, jojoba sustained growth throughout the whole experimental period (4 months) relying on a minimum of nitrate (tap water or 25% Hoagland concentration). Extra nitrate (1 25%) was stimulatory to growth in full hydration and may overcome growth inhibition in partial hydration but not in drought. The osmoregulants (soluble sugars, proline and amino acids), membrane properties (leakage of K, electrolytes and UV absorbing metabolites as well as lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (phenolics, catalase, guiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) were assessed to evaluate drought stress impacts. They did not respond identically to drought leading to confusion which is most-expressing manifestation of drought stress. From which, enhanced proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation with inhibited ascorbate peroxidase displayed a clear cut and reliable stress biomarkers. The antioxidant phenolics increased with increasing nitrate in water-stressed jojoba leaves (50% field capacity or one week drought). Nitrate may participate in scavenging electrons since lipid peroxidation was lowered at high nitrate levels.

To cope better with desert harsh conditions or to improve their growth magnitude and productivity, jojoba plants might need some aid. One week drought, over a period of two months, was stressful as it induced severe growth inhibition compared with maintained 50% field capacity. In addition, jojoba sustained growth throughout the whole experimental period (4 months) relying on a minimum of nitrate (tap water or 25% Hoagland concentration). Extra nitrate (1 25%) was stimulatory to growth in full hydration and may overcome growth inhibition in partial hydration but not in drought. The osmoregulants (soluble sugars, proline and amino acids), membrane properties (leakage of K, electrolytes and UV absorbing metabolites as well as lipid peroxidation) and antioxidants (phenolics, catalase, guiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity) were assessed to evaluate drought stress impacts. They did not respond identically to drought leading to confusion which is most-expressing manifestation of drought stress. From which, enhanced proline accumulation and lipid peroxidation with inhibited ascorbate peroxidase displayed a clear cut and reliable stress biomarkers. The antioxidant phenolics increased with increasing nitrate in water-stressed jojoba leaves (50% field capacity or one week drought). Nitrate may participate in scavenging electrons since lipid peroxidation was lowered at high nitrate levels.

In arid and semiarid regions, salinity is among the most important abiotic factors limiting growth of crop plants and yield. The current study was carried out to evaluate some metabolic and physiological responses of two oil – producing plants (sunflower and jojoba) grown under osmotic and toxic phases of NaCl and Na2CO3 salts. The two applied salts at the two selected phases markedly decreased salt tolerance index, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin pigment, soluble proteins and sodium accumulation factor of shoots and roots of jojoba and sunflower plants. This reduction was significant at the second phase of the applied salts. On the other hand, Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in shoots and roots of the test plants was increased by increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 level. Moreover, the leakage of K+ and Na+ from leaves of the stressed plants was also increased. Furthermore, NaCl and Na2CO3 supply stimulated glucose, fructose, proline and other free amino acids accumulation in shoots of jojoba and sunflower plants. Sunflower exhibited higher sensitivity to the applied salts compared with jojoba plant.

In arid and semiarid regions, salinity is among the most important abiotic factors limiting growth of crop plants and yield. The current study was carried out to evaluate some metabolic and physiological responses of two oil – producing plants (sunflower and jojoba) grown under osmotic and toxic phases of NaCl and Na2CO3 salts. The two applied salts at the two selected phases markedly decreased salt tolerance index, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin pigment, soluble proteins and sodium accumulation factor of shoots and roots of jojoba and sunflower plants. This reduction was significant at the second phase of the applied salts. On the other hand, Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in shoots and roots of the test plants was increased by increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 level. Moreover, the leakage of K+ and Na+ from leaves of the stressed plants was also increased. Furthermore, NaCl and Na2CO3 supply stimulated glucose, fructose, proline and other free amino acids accumulation in shoots of jojoba and sunflower plants. Sunflower exhibited higher sensitivity to the applied salts compared with jojoba plant.

In arid and semiarid regions, salinity is among the most important abiotic factors limiting growth of crop plants and yield. The current study was carried out to evaluate some metabolic and physiological responses of two oil – producing plants (sunflower and jojoba) grown under osmotic and toxic phases of NaCl and Na2CO3 salts. The two applied salts at the two selected phases markedly decreased salt tolerance index, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin pigment, soluble proteins and sodium accumulation factor of shoots and roots of jojoba and sunflower plants. This reduction was significant at the second phase of the applied salts. On the other hand, Na+ concentration and Na+/K+ ratio in shoots and roots of the test plants was increased by increasing NaCl or Na2CO3 level. Moreover, the leakage of K+ and Na+ from leaves of the stressed plants was also increased. Furthermore, NaCl and Na2CO3 supply stimulated glucose, fructose, proline and other free amino acids accumulation in shoots of jojoba and sunflower plants. Sunflower exhibited higher sensitivity to the applied salts compared with jojoba plant.

Salinity stress caused a marked reduction in dry matter gain in roots and shoots, and transpiration rate of all the test wheat and bean cultivars. Although the accumulation of malondialdehyde was stimulated in roots of sensitive cultivars at second phase of NaCl stress (160 mM), there were no appreciable differences in the production of it in roots of tolerant cultivars of wheat and bean plants. The electrical conductivity of the selected wheat and bean cultivars was stimulated by salt stress. All fractions of photosynthetic pigments in the test plants decreased gradually with the rise of salt level (80-160 mM NaCl). A notable sensitivity in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and proteins in different organs of the selected wheat and bean cultivars was displayed in the presence of salinity. The presence of NaCl did not affect the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in leaves of the selected wheat and bean cultivars, except in salt-tolerant bean cultivar (cv. Sakha1 ) salinity stress exhibited an inhibitory effect. NaCl stress failed to induce appreciable variations in the production of free phenolic compounds in leaves of the wheat and bean cultivars, except in case of cv. Sakha1 . Salinity stress caused an inhibitory effect on the production of bound phenolic compounds in wheat and bean cultivars.

Salinity stress caused a marked reduction in dry matter gain in roots and shoots, and transpiration rate of all the test wheat and bean cultivars. Although the accumulation of malondialdehyde was stimulated in roots of sensitive cultivars at second phase of NaCl stress (160 mM), there were no appreciable differences in the production of it in roots of tolerant cultivars of wheat and bean plants. The electrical conductivity of the selected wheat and bean cultivars was stimulated by salt stress. All fractions of photosynthetic pigments in the test plants decreased gradually with the rise of salt level (80-160 mM NaCl). A notable sensitivity in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and proteins in different organs of the selected wheat and bean cultivars was displayed in the presence of salinity. The presence of NaCl did not affect the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in leaves of the selected wheat and bean cultivars, except in salt-tolerant bean cultivar (cv. Sakha1 ) salinity stress exhibited an inhibitory effect. NaCl stress failed to induce appreciable variations in the production of free phenolic compounds in leaves of the wheat and bean cultivars, except in case of cv. Sakha1 . Salinity stress caused an inhibitory effect on the production of bound phenolic compounds in wheat and bean cultivars.

Salinity stress caused a marked reduction in dry matter gain in roots and shoots, and transpiration rate of all the test wheat and bean cultivars. Although the accumulation of malondialdehyde was stimulated in roots of sensitive cultivars at second phase of NaCl stress (160 mM), there were no appreciable differences in the production of it in roots of tolerant cultivars of wheat and bean plants. The electrical conductivity of the selected wheat and bean cultivars was stimulated by salt stress. All fractions of photosynthetic pigments in the test plants decreased gradually with the rise of salt level (80-160 mM NaCl). A notable sensitivity in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and proteins in different organs of the selected wheat and bean cultivars was displayed in the presence of salinity. The presence of NaCl did not affect the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in leaves of the selected wheat and bean cultivars, except in salt-tolerant bean cultivar (cv. Sakha1 ) salinity stress exhibited an inhibitory effect. NaCl stress failed to induce appreciable variations in the production of free phenolic compounds in leaves of the wheat and bean cultivars, except in case of cv. Sakha1 . Salinity stress caused an inhibitory effect on the production of bound phenolic compounds in wheat and bean cultivars.