Micronutrients in food have been found to have chemopreventive effects, supporting the conclusions from epidemiologie studies that consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables reduces cancer risk. The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of querctin (Q) and sodium gluconate (GNA) supplementation separately or in combination in ameliorating promotion of colon tumor development by dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) in mice. Histopathological observation of colons in mice treated with DMH showed goblet cell dysplasia with inlammatory cell iniltration. This pathological inding was associated with signiicant alteration in oxidative stress markers in colon tissues and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in plasma. Mice co-treated with GNA and Q showed mild changes of absorptive and goblet cells and inlammatory cell iniltration in lamina properia, with improvement in oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, indings of the present study indicate signiicant roles for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pathogenesis of DMH-induced colon toxicity and initiation of colon cancer. Also, they suggest that Q, GNA or the combination of both have a positive beneicial effect against DMH induced colonic cancer induction in mice.

Micronutrients in food have been found to have chemopreventive effects, supporting the conclusions from epidemiologie studies that consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables reduces cancer risk. The present study was carried out to evaluate the role of querctin (Q) and sodium gluconate (GNA) supplementation separately or in combination in ameliorating promotion of colon tumor development by dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) in mice. Histopathological observation of colons in mice treated with DMH showed goblet cell dysplasia with inlammatory cell iniltration. This pathological inding was associated with signiicant alteration in oxidative stress markers in colon tissues and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in plasma. Mice co-treated with GNA and Q showed mild changes of absorptive and goblet cells and inlammatory cell iniltration in lamina properia, with improvement in oxidative stress markers. In conclusion, indings of the present study indicate signiicant roles for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pathogenesis of DMH-induced colon toxicity and initiation of colon cancer. Also, they suggest that Q, GNA or the combination of both have a positive beneicial effect against DMH induced colonic cancer induction in mice.

Three new cardenolides (3, 9 and 10), along with eight known ones, were isolated from the latex of Calotropis procera. The structural determination was accomplished by the 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra as well as HRESIMS analysis. The growth inhibitory activity of the latex and its sub-fractions as well as isolated compounds was evaluated against human A549 and Hela cell lines. The results exhibited that latex had strong growth inhibitory activity with IC50s of (3.37μM, A-549) and (6.45μM, Hela). Among the four extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous), chloroform extract displayed the highest potential cytotoxic activity, with IC50s of (0.985μM, A-549) and (1.471μM, Hela). All the isolated compounds displayed various degrees of cytotoxic activity and the highest activity was observed by calactin (1) with IC50s values of (0.036μM, A-549) and (0.083μM, Hela). None of these isolated compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity evaluated by determination of their MICs using the broth microdilution method against various infectious pathogens. The structure-activity relationships for cytotoxic activity were also discussed.

Three new cardenolides (3, 9 and 10), along with eight known ones, were isolated from the latex of Calotropis procera. The structural determination was accomplished by the 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra as well as HRESIMS analysis. The growth inhibitory activity of the latex and its sub-fractions as well as isolated compounds was evaluated against human A549 and Hela cell lines. The results exhibited that latex had strong growth inhibitory activity with IC50s of (3.37μM, A-549) and (6.45μM, Hela). Among the four extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous), chloroform extract displayed the highest potential cytotoxic activity, with IC50s of (0.985μM, A-549) and (1.471μM, Hela). All the isolated compounds displayed various degrees of cytotoxic activity and the highest activity was observed by calactin (1) with IC50s values of (0.036μM, A-549) and (0.083μM, Hela). None of these isolated compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity evaluated by determination of their MICs using the broth microdilution method against various infectious pathogens. The structure-activity relationships for cytotoxic activity were also discussed.

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Lipase-catalyzed biotransformation of fungal lipids into biodiesel via bacterial enzymes or whole cell catalysts has been considered as one of the most promising methods to produce applicable, renewable and environmentally friendly alternative liquid fuels. Four highly lipolytic bacterial isolates were isolated from seeds and grains of some plant species and screened for their potentiality to synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by lipase esterification process for the production of cost-competitive biodiesel. The four isolates were identified based on phenotypic and gene encoding 16S rRNA as Bacillus vallismortis ASU 3 (KP777551), Bacillus tequilensis ASU 11 (KP777550), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ASU 16 (KP777549) and Bacillus firmus ASU 32 (KP777552). Among the four tested bacterial lipases, extracellular lipase of B firmus ASU 32 (KP777552) showed the highest activity toward the transesterification of fungal lipids as 71.2% of total fatty acid methyl eseters (FAMEs). B. firmus ASU 32 lipases displayed a higher thermal stability and methanol tolerance ensuring their application as a promising biocatalyst for FAME synthesis. The results proved that, the most active acyl acceptors for biodiesel production from fungal lipids by B. firmus lipase were methanol and ethyl acetate. B. firmus has applicable future as a whole cell biocatalyst for FAME synthesis from fungal lipids. Alleviation the inhibitory effect of methanol in the transesterification process of fungal lipids by lipases might be performed through separation of hydrolysis step from esterification process by methanol for FAME synthesis. This paper is expected to provide a competitive economic outcome for industrial FAME synthesis.