Abstract
Background: The object of this work was to evaluate of the hepatic effects of the herbicides glyphosate-Roundup®
by different doses in both sexes of albino rats.
Methods: Forty animals divided into four groups with ten animals for each (both sexes) were treated orally with
vehicle (controls) and 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg bwt of glyphosate-Roundup® (treated groups) for 15 days daily.
Results: The most conspicuous changes occurred on the liver treated groups due to glyphosate toxicity were the
increase of enzymes activities of ALT and AST, cellular infiltration, many signs of nucleus degeneration, focal
necrosis, rarified cytoplasm, disorganization of cellular organelles, and deposition of lipid droplets. The increase in
the amount of collagenous fibers and the number of the mast cell were also observed.
Conclusion: Our results indicated that the administration of glyphosate-Roundup® in different doses may cause
adverse effects on the histopathological, ultrastructure, and biochemical alternations on the liver of the albino rats.
Keywords: Glyphosate-Roundup®, ALT and AST, Liver, Histopathology, Ultrastructure

In this work, the elastic scattering of ⁶Li+2828Si system at wide range energies from 76 to 318MeV is analyzed. The analysis is carried out in the framework of the optical model (OM). Two different methods are adopted for nuclear optical potential of this system. The first method is the double folding cluster (DFC) for the real part supplied with an imaginary part in the Woods–Saxon (WS) form. In the second one, the double folding (DF) model based upon São Paulo potential (SPP) is used as real and imaginary parts each multiplied by a corresponding normalization factor. For 2828Si, the full αα-cluster density is considered while the αα-deuteron (αα–DD) structure is considered for ⁶Li. Therefore, the DFC real central part is calculated by folding both αα–nn and αα–αα effective interaction between target and nuclei over the cluster densities of the target and projectile. The derived renormalized potentials give a successful description of the data. The present results are in good agreement with the previous work. This agreement confirms the validity of the present methods to generate nucleus–nucleus optical potentials.

Meningococcal meningitis is a major health problem in the Nile Valley (1). The epidemiological and clinical features of the disease in Egypt are similar to those of the Subsaharan" Meningitis Belt" of Africa, the disease is seasonal with major outbreaks occurring every 8-10 years (1, 2). The main causative organism is Neisseria meningitidis sero-group A (3). This study reports on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of 686 patients with confirmed meningococcal meningitis, admitted during the period from November 1983 through October 1989 to the Abbassia Fever Hospital, US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3) ward in Cairo, Egypt. This fever hospital is a referral center, serving a population of 13 million and reflects the incidence of this disease throughout Egypt.

The elastic scattering of 17F from different mass targets (12C, 14N, 58Ni and 208Pb) at different energies has been studied. We used the double folding optical model potential based on the density-dependent DDM3Y effective nucleon-nucleon interaction without need to renormalize the generated potentials. Two versions of the density distribution of the one-proton halo 17F nucleus have been taken into account in order to derive the double folding potentials. The measured angular distributions of elastic scattering differential cross section and corresponding reaction cross sections have been successfully reproduced at different energies using the derived potentials. The energy and the target mass number dependences of imaginary volume integrals as well as the total reaction cross sections have been also studied.

Doped-ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) with various trivalent elements ions (Sb³⁺, In³⁺, and Bi³⁺) were synthesized using the sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction patterns proved the formation of the ZnS cubic phase without any phase separation with the doping process. The dependence of the crystallite size and the internal micro-strain on the dopant type was demonstrated. Optical absorption spectra of doped ZnS NPs revealed a decrease in the optical band gap due to the formation of extended defect states below the conduction band. Photoluminescence spectra of the doped samples revealed the enhancement of visible light emission intensity compared with the as-prepared ZnS NPs. The AC electrical properties of the trivalent elements doped ZnS NPs were studied at room temperature in the frequency range from 2 kHz to 1 MHz, where In-doped ZnS NPs had the lowest dielectric constant and largest conductivity compared with the other samples.

The current experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) on some behavioural, performance, welfare and histopathological changes in broilers exposed to multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-induced footpad dermatitis (FPD). Eighty-four male Indian River (IR) broilers were randomly allotted to six different dietary treatments as follows: C−ve, C+ve, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm ZONPs from 7 to 49d of age. At day 28, broilers (n = 70) were sub-cutaneously injected with 0.5 ml of saline containing 5.3 × 10⁷CFU/ml of S. aureus (MRSA) in each metatarsal foot pad. Control (non-infected) broilers were given 0.5 ml of saline (n = 14). Results clarified that non-infected birds and ZONPs-fed birds had significantly higher standing and feeding activities and lower resting activities in comparison with the infected group. Also, the S. aureus infected group had significantly lower body weight gain (BWG) and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the non-infected group. In addition, the non-infected birds and ZONPs groups had significantly lower object crossing and tonic immobility times (TI) and gait scores (GS) in comparison with the S. aureus group. Only ZONPs 30, 40 ppm and non-infected groups had a significantly higher latency to lie time (LLT) and lower serum cortisol level in comparison with the S. aureus group. Moreover, there were significant changes in the gross lesion score and histopathological lesions between the different groups. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of ZONPs can reduce S. aureus-induced negative effects of FPD in broilers.

The objectives of this study were to produce probiotic yogurt (5.0–7.0 log cfu/g) fortified with nanopowdered eggshell (NPES) at a rate of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 mg/ml, as well as, examine the effect of NPES on the physicochemical, microbial, sensory properties, and shelf-life of probiotic yogurt. The NPES was prepared by milling preboiled dried eggshell using a mortar grinder. The size of the milled powder was measured to assure that the diameter of the powder is 27 ± 1.7 nm. Yogurt was manufactured by dividing the pasteurized milk into four aliquots portions. The first portion was utilized as control (T1), while the other three portions were supplemented with 0.02 (T2), 0.04 (T3), and 0.06 (T4) mg/ml NPES. All treatments were inoculated with 5.11 log cfu of Lactobacillus delbruckii ssp. bulgaricus (Lb) and Streptococcus thermophilus (St) combined and 5 log cfu of Bifidobacterium bifidum (Bb) per kg of milk at 40°C until the pH of 4.6 was reached. The acidity, sensory properties, Bb count, total bacterial count (TBC), yeast, and mold counts were examined. The results showed that the acidity was increasing during storage, however, increasing NPES resulted in low acid development (p < .05). The shelf-life of control was ended after 8 d of storage at 4°C because molds were grown on the surface of the sample. The TBC significantly decreased (p < .05) as the concentration of NPES increased. Bb count in probiotic yogurt was also decreasing during storage. Yeast and molds were detected in control after 8 d; however, NPES did not result in molds even after 16 d of storage but yeast was exhibited. The NPES improved the sensory evaluation of probiotic yogurt slightly and increased the shelf-life of probiotic yogurt as compared to control.

The current study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) and oxytetracycline (OTC) supplementation on broilers’ behavior, performance, carcass quality, biochemical parameters, and intestinal microbial populations and birds’ response to Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. A total of 336 seven-day-old IR broiler chicks were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm ZONPs or 50 ppm OTC. Each diet was fed to 7 replicates (8 birds/pen). The results clarified that 10 ppm ZONPs significantly improved the body weight gain and feed conversion in comparison to the control. No changes in behavior were recorded. The 10 ppm and 30 ppm ZONPs and OTC significantly reduced the gizzard weight in comparison to the control. While, 10 ppm ZONPs significantly increased the spleen weight, and all ZONPs doses increased bursa weight in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 20 ppm ZONPs increased the eviscerated yield and edible yield in comparison to the control and OTC groups. 40 ppm ZONPs increased pH, reduced meat color and overall acceptability in comparison to the control. In addition, results revealed that the 20 ppm ZONPs increased Calcium (Ca), High density low cholesterol (HDL-C), reduced urea (UA) and triglyceride (TG). Also, 40 ppm ZONPs and OTC increased creatinine (Cr) and reduced ND-HI titer in comparison to the control. For microbial population, OTC group was significantly lower than ZONPs groups in the total anaerobic, aerobic and lactobacilli count. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of ZONPs can be applied as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions in broilers’ diet. However, further investigations are still needed.

The use of conventional pesticides becomes a complicated issue as more species of insect pests become resistant to them. Nanopesticides suit new approaches in pest control. Herein, we tested the toxicological efficacy of imidacloprid compared with three of its nanoformulations (IMD01, IMD02, and IMD03) on second and fourth instar of Culex pipiens larvae. Furthermore, we assessed the synergistic actions of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on imidacloprid and its nanoformulations against second and fourth instar of C. pipiens. The nanoformulation (IMD03) was the most potent insecticide (LC₅₀ = 14, 6, and 2 ng/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure, respectively), whereas the lowest toxic nanoformulation was IMD01. However, imidacloprid had the lowest toxicity among the tested compounds (LC₅₀ = 1015, 705, and 621 ng/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure, respectively). PBO significantly synergized imidacloprid and its nanoformulations. However, the most synergistic effects were on IMD03 and the lowest was imidacloprid itself. Based on our results, nanopesticides are currently the most promising tool to control C. pipiens mosquitoes. However, further semifield and field studies should be done to illustrate the efficacy of imidacloprid and its nanoformulations on C. pipiens mosquitoes.

Doped-ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) with various trivalent elements ions (Sb³⁺, In³⁺, and Bi³⁺) were synthesized using the sonochemical method. X-ray diffraction patterns proved the formation of the ZnS cubic phase without any phase separation with the doping process. The dependence of the crystallite size and the internal micro-strain on the dopant type was demonstrated. Optical absorption spectra of doped ZnS NPs revealed a decrease in the optical band gap due to the formation of extended defect states below the conduction band. Photoluminescence spectra of the doped samples revealed the enhancement of visible light emission intensity compared with the as-prepared ZnS NPs. The AC electrical properties of the trivalent elements doped ZnS NPs were studied at room temperature in the frequency range from 2 kHz to 1 MHz, where In-doped ZnS NPs had the lowest dielectric constant and largest conductivity compared with the other samples.