Edible Mushrooms have been valued as a valuable food source due to its nutritional and medicinal characteristics. Edible mushrooms contain various bioactive components such as proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, dietary fibers, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. They have essential health effects, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, immune-stimulatory, and anticancer, cholesterol-lowering properties. Because of their nutritional and medicinal benefits, mushrooms have become increasingly popular in recent years all over the world. Mushrooms were considered immortality plants in Ancient Egypt and were given to mankind by the god Osiris. Mushrooms were declared a delicacy reserved only for Egyptian nobility due to their distinct flavor. The current study focuses on the common species of edible mushrooms in Egypt and their different bioactive ingredients, nutritional values and the health 

Jasmonic acid (JA) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) are master regulators of plant development and stress response against pathogens and environmental fluctuations. Thus, JA is an important stress-associated phytohormone that can promote various defense interactions, regulate stomatal openness, synthesis of antimicrobial substances, or plant cell reprogramming. Numerous studies also demonstrated that plants thriving under environmental fluctuations stresses are linked to the JA response, revealing that JA application can alleviate the damage of abiotic stress by improving plant tolerance. Therefore, jasmonic acid and amino acid conjugate (JA-Ile) represent stress hormones that improve crop resilience under environmental fluctuations. In addition, JA modulates the plant growth and developmental stages by regulating the crosstalk between JA and the main plant hormone groups, balancing plant development

Postharvest fungal infection is the common cause of fresh fruit losses. Thus, effective antifungal agents are highly required. Herein, copper-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) were used as a precursor for the synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) embedded into carbon (CuO@C). The materials' crystallinity was confirmed using X-ray diffraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) approve the elemental species and concentration of copper in the synthesized materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveal the successful formation of CuO-embedded C, that is, CuO@C, with a particle size of 36–123 nm. CuO@C nanoparticles are used as an antifungal agent against four economic postharvest plant pathogens; Alternaria alternata (black spot disease of tomato), Fusarium oxysporum (rot disease of tomato), Penicillium digitatum (gray mold disease of lemon), and Rhizopus oryzae (soft rot disease of banana). The inhibition zones were 36 ± 0.5, 20.2 ± 0.4, 16 ± 0.5, and 10.2 ± 0.1 mm for R. oryzae, P. digitatum, F. oxysporum, and A. alternata, respectively. CuO@C antifungal action includes significant inhibition of cellulases and amylase enzyme activity, decreasing the potentiality of fungal pathogenicity and fruit disease. CuO@C exhibited high antifungal activity against postharvest antifungal species.

The purpose of this research is to interpolate bipolarity into the definition of the vague soft set. This gives a new more applicable, flexible, and generalized extension of the soft set, the fuzzy soft set, or even the vague soft set, which is the bipolar vague soft set. In addition, types of bipolar vague soft sets, as well as some new related concepts and operations are established with examples. Moreover, properties of bipolar vague soft sets including absorption, commutative, associative, distributive, and De Morgan’s laws are discussed in detail. Furthermore, a bipolar vague soft set-designed decision-making algorithm is provided generalizing Roy and Maji method. This allows making more effective decisions to choose the optimal alternative. Finally, an applied problem is introduced with a comparative analysis to illustrate how the proposed algorithm works more successfully than the previous models for problems that contain uncertain ambiguous data.

Rebamipide is a quinolone derivative that has been commonly used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. However, the molecular mechanisms of rebamipide against acetic acid-evoked colitis have not been adequately examined. Hence, the current study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of rebamipide in a rat model of acetic acid-evoked ulcerative colitis and the linked mechanisms pertaining to SIRT1/FoxO3a/Nrf2 and PI3K/AKT pathways. Herein, colitis was induced by the intrarectal administration of 3% acetic acid solution in saline (v/v) while rebamipide was administered by oral gavage (100 mg/kg/day) for seven days before the colonic insult. The colonic injury was examined by macroscopical and microscopical examination. The current findings demonstrated that rebamipide significantly improved the colonic injury by lowering the colonic disease activity index and macroscopic mucosal injury score. Moreover, it mitigated the histopathological aberrations and microscopical damage score. The favorable outcomes of rebamipide were driven by combating inflammation evidenced by dampening the colonic expression of NF-κBp65 and the pro-inflammatory markers CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6. In the same context, rebamipide curtailed the colonic pro-inflammatory PI3K/AKT pathway as seen by downregulating the immunostaining of PI3K and p-AKT(Ser473) signals. In tandem, rebamipide combated the colonic pro-oxidant events and augmented the antioxidant milieu by significantly diminishing the colonic TBARS and replenishing GSH, SOD, GST, GPx, and CAT. In the same regard, rebamipide stimulated the colonic upstream SIRT1/FoxO3a/Nrf2 axis by upregulating the expression of SIRT1, FoxO3a, and Nrf2, alongside downregulating Keap-1 gene expression. These antioxidant actions were accompanied by upregulation of the protein expression of the cytoprotective signal PPAR-γ in the colons of rats. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that the promising ameliorative features of rebamipide against experimental colitis were driven by combating the colonic inflammatory and oxidative responses. In perspective, augmentation of colonic SIRT1/FoxO3a/Nrf2 and inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathways were engaged in the observed favorable outcomes.

The medical value of mosquitoes attracted researchers worldwide to search for a valuable way to control such
serious insects. The continuous development of resistance against chemical insecticides pushed toward looking
for novel and promising compounds against mosquitoes. In this study, the toxicity and physio-developmental
effects of 10–30 nm spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in aqueous suspension was addressed against
the first larval instar of Culex pipiens mosquito. The calculated value of LC50 was about 0.892 g/L while the sub
lethal concentration LC20 recorded about 0.246 g/L. Larvae treated with ZnONPs suffered reduced growth rate,
longer developmental period and malformations in the breathing tube. Furthermore, the treated larvae showed
clear abnormal appearance of the gastric caeca and midgut epithelia under transmission electron microscope
(TEM). These abnormalities appeared as condensation of the nuclear chromatin, abnormal shape or absence of
microvilli, highly increased amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm and appearance of
numerous vacuoles. Additionally, ZnONPs interfered with several biochemical pathways such as induction of
oxidative stress which appeared in the form of increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and inability to activate the
detoxifying enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). On the contrary,
the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased in treated larvae. Furthermore,
LC20 and LC50 of ZnONPs inhibited the growth rate of the larval gut fauna in vitro. These results clearly show that ZnONPs target several tissues leading to serious alteration in the physiological and developmental processes in C. pipiens mosquito larvae.

Culicid mosquitoes pose a threat to human and animals due to their capability of disease transmission. In this study, the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) was addressed in the larval stages of Culex mosquito 3 days post treatment. Furthermore, the treated larvae were allowed to recover from the particle-effect for additional 3 and 6 days to address whether the particle impact is sustainable or temporary. To this end, a sub lethal concentration (LC30) of ZnONPs was used to address their impact on the tissues of the alimentary canal and Malpighian tubules of Culex larvae. The treated larvae suffered negative signs on foregut, midgut , hindgut and Malpighian tubule epithelia which appeared in the form of columnar cell vaculation and damage of the microvilli. In the meantime, the larvae which allowed recovering for 3 and 6 days didn’t show signs of improvement in the alimentary canal and Malpighian tubules suggesting sustainable impact of the particles on the larval tissues. Future work will be directed toward ultra-structural studies in the gut cells. This study suggests that ZnONPs can be used as promising tools in controlling mosquito larvae.