The pyrazolone derivative 4 was synthesized by reaction of carbohydrazide 2 with ethyl benzoylacetate in ethanol and p-toluene sulphonic acid followed by cyclization upon heating in acetic acid. Chloroacylation of amino ester and amino benzoyl compounds 1, 19 gave the chloro acetylamino derivatives 5 and 20 respectively which both of them react with different amines to afford compounds 6, 23a-d. Hydrolysis and decarboxlation of compound 1 yielded the aminothienotetrahydroisoquinoline 8 which was used as versatile material for synthesizing other heterocyclic compounds 9-18. Compound 20 react with hexamethylenetetramine and malononitrile yielded thediazepino and pyrrolo derivatives 21, 22 respectively.

In a detailed investigation of the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, mineralogy and geochemistry of the stratigraphic interval spanning the Danian/Selandian (D/S) transition about 16 m within the Dakhla Shale exposed at Gabal el-Qreiya has been examined and collected. Litho - stratigraphically, the part of the Gabal el-Qreiya section under investigation is mainly composed of grey shale and encompasses the D/S boundary. There is a marker bed (~30 cm thick) represents the D/S boundary at Gabal el-Qreiya that consists of four alternating black and brownish organic-rich shale bands (~5-12 cm thick each) sandwiched between two thick grey shale beds. We formally describe this interval as the el-Qreiya Bed, which has been recognized in several localities elsewhere in Egypt. The sediments of the el-Qreiya Bed are very similar to those in the lower part of the earliest Eocene Dababiya Beds in Egypt, which include thinly laminated, phosphatic (fish debris), organic-rich and extremely pyritic shales. The organic debris is noticed as amorphous organic matter and woody fragments. Biostratigraphically, the succession is subdivided into six planktic foraminiferal biozones, documenting a case of continuous sedimentation during the D/S transition. These biozones are: The Danian Praemurica uncinata (P2), Morozovella angulata (P3a) and Igorina albeari/P. carinata (lower most part of P3b) biozones and the Selandian I. albeari (main part of P3b) and Globanomalina pseudomenardii (P4a) biozones. The basal surface of the el-Qreiya Bed is marked by the last appearance of Praemurica carinata (El Naggar) and is taken to mark the Danian-Selandian boundary. Above the D/S boundary, the planktic foraminiferal taxa of the praemuricids were gradually replaced by morozovellids, acrininids and igorinids. The clay mineralogy analysis of these sediments indicates alternating periods of humid (high kaolinite) and dry (low kaolinite) climatic conditions during the deposition of the el-Qreiya Bed. Geochemical analyses of samples representing the el-Qreiya Bed and the sediments above and below revealed that the sediments of the el-Qreiya Bed are characterized by high anomalies in chalcophile elements. The trace elements are most probably incorporated into the phosphatic components and organic matter. The sediments around el-Qreiya Bed are normal marine sediments deposited in oxic bottom waters. The sediments of el-Qreiya Bed reflect anoxic/euxinic marine environments and deposition in H2S-containing bottom waters rich in organic matter. It is believed that high productivity and upwelling activity were responsible for such conditions and the sedimentological, mineralogical, geochemical and faunal characteristics of the D/S boundary at Gabal el-Qreiya section.

In a detailed investigation of the lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, mineralogy and geochemistry of the stratigraphic interval spanning the Danian/Selandian (D/S) transition about 16 m within the Dakhla Shale exposed at Gabal el-Qreiya has been examined and collected. Litho - stratigraphically, the part of the Gabal el-Qreiya section under investigation is mainly composed of grey shale and encompasses the D/S boundary. There is a marker bed (~30 cm thick) represents the D/S boundary at Gabal el-Qreiya that consists of four alternating black and brownish organic-rich shale bands (~5-12 cm thick each) sandwiched between two thick grey shale beds. We formally describe this interval as the el-Qreiya Bed, which has been recognized in several localities elsewhere in Egypt. The sediments of the el-Qreiya Bed are very similar to those in the lower part of the earliest Eocene Dababiya Beds in Egypt, which include thinly laminated, phosphatic (fish debris), organic-rich and extremely pyritic shales. The organic debris is noticed as amorphous organic matter and woody fragments. Biostratigraphically, the succession is subdivided into six planktic foraminiferal biozones, documenting a case of continuous sedimentation during the D/S transition. These biozones are: The Danian Praemurica uncinata (P2), Morozovella angulata (P3a) and Igorina albeari/P. carinata (lower most part of P3b) biozones and the Selandian I. albeari (main part of P3b) and Globanomalina pseudomenardii (P4a) biozones. The basal surface of the el-Qreiya Bed is marked by the last appearance of Praemurica carinata (El Naggar) and is taken to mark the Danian-Selandian boundary. Above the D/S boundary, the planktic foraminiferal taxa of the praemuricids were gradually replaced by morozovellids, acrininids and igorinids. The clay mineralogy analysis of these sediments indicates alternating periods of humid (high kaolinite) and dry (low kaolinite) climatic conditions during the deposition of the el-Qreiya Bed. Geochemical analyses of samples representing the el-Qreiya Bed and the sediments above and below revealed that the sediments of the el-Qreiya Bed are characterized by high anomalies in chalcophile elements. The trace elements are most probably incorporated into the phosphatic components and organic matter. The sediments around el-Qreiya Bed are normal marine sediments deposited in oxic bottom waters. The sediments of el-Qreiya Bed reflect anoxic/euxinic marine environments and deposition in H2S-containing bottom waters rich in organic matter. It is believed that high productivity and upwelling activity were responsible for such conditions and the sedimentological, mineralogical, geochemical and faunal characteristics of the D/S boundary at Gabal el-Qreiya section.

This work deals with the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the period representing the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) succession, at both the Gabal Dababiya Paleocene-Eocene GSSP and the Gabal Owaina sections. At both sections, the sediments deposited during this interval contain varied amounts of phosphatized and silicified fish debris, pyrite framboids, pseudomorphs of hematite spherules, calcite and detrital minerals. At Gabal Dababiya, the PETM succession is characterized by strong anomalies inmost chalcophiles, especially in the lower part of the clay bed, aswell as in the coprolite-rich and the bone-bearing strata. In contrast, such concentrations of the chalcophile elements have not been recorded at G. Owaina. This leads to the conclusion that these trace elements are incorporated in the phosphatic components (fish debris and coprolites) and in the clay-fraction and/or organic matter. The association of SiO2*-excess, and P2O5 enrichment with an abundant radiolarian fauna and enrichment of the organic matter within the first three beds of Dababiya Quarry Beds, indicates high productivity and upwelling throughout their deposition. In the course of the upwelling activity,water rich in nutrients rose to the surface, enriching sedimentswith organicmatter. The increased consumption of oxygen caused by the sinking of organic carbon to the bottom resulted in a redox front at or just above the sediment-water interface. At G. Owaina, the internal molds of radiolarians, as well as benthic and planktonic foraminifera which are represented by hematite spherules, are abundant in the post-PETM succession. This is an indication that silica and calcite dissolution, rather than low productivity accounts for the absence of opaline silica and biogenic calcite. Solutions resulting from the dissolution of siliceous and calcareous oozes may have penetrated lower layers and formed Ca-Si-rich components (silicified fish debris and Ca-Si-rich phase).

This work deals with the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the period representing the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) succession, at both the Gabal Dababiya Paleocene-Eocene GSSP and the Gabal Owaina sections. At both sections, the sediments deposited during this interval contain varied amounts of phosphatized and silicified fish debris, pyrite framboids, pseudomorphs of hematite spherules, calcite and detrital minerals. At Gabal Dababiya, the PETM succession is characterized by strong anomalies inmost chalcophiles, especially in the lower part of the clay bed, aswell as in the coprolite-rich and the bone-bearing strata. In contrast, such concentrations of the chalcophile elements have not been recorded at G. Owaina. This leads to the conclusion that these trace elements are incorporated in the phosphatic components (fish debris and coprolites) and in the clay-fraction and/or organic matter. The association of SiO2*-excess, and P2O5 enrichment with an abundant radiolarian fauna and enrichment of the organic matter within the first three beds of Dababiya Quarry Beds, indicates high productivity and upwelling throughout their deposition. In the course of the upwelling activity,water rich in nutrients rose to the surface, enriching sedimentswith organicmatter. The increased consumption of oxygen caused by the sinking of organic carbon to the bottom resulted in a redox front at or just above the sediment-water interface. At G. Owaina, the internal molds of radiolarians, as well as benthic and planktonic foraminifera which are represented by hematite spherules, are abundant in the post-PETM succession. This is an indication that silica and calcite dissolution, rather than low productivity accounts for the absence of opaline silica and biogenic calcite. Solutions resulting from the dissolution of siliceous and calcareous oozes may have penetrated lower layers and formed Ca-Si-rich components (silicified fish debris and Ca-Si-rich phase).

We have analyzed the geochemistry and mineralogy of the five characteristic beds that constitute the Dababiya Quarry Member (DQM) recovered from the Dababiya Quarry Core located near the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene. Well developed in Upper Egypt, these beds are known to record the isotopic and biotic signatures of the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). We have extracted the mineral phases from these beds (representing a total thickness of 2.35 m) and compared them with those of the encasing shales through qualitative and semi-quantitative SEM analysis using EDX technology. Total organic carbon was determined using the titrimetric method. Major and trace elements were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer, and enrichment factors were established relative to Al content. We discuss the significance of our data with regard to basaltic volcanism and cometary impact, for neither of which we find support. In agreement with other studies, our data indicate very high biological productivity during the deposition of the DQM. This may be related to upwelling and/or increased nutrient supply, the latter because of an enhanced hydrologic cycle.

Improved methods of analysis and quantification of heavy mineral assemblages in Cambrian to Early Cretaceous sandstones of southwest Sinai have revealed successive changes in provenance that reflect both rejuvenation of the Arabian Shield and changes in the topographic configuration of the source area. Three mineral units have been identified in the Cambrian succession, at least three in the Carboniferous and three in the Cretaceous. It is predicted that the genetic units defined by these successive changes in mineralogy will be of regional extent and thus assist in elucidating the history of uplift of the Arabian-Nubian Shield and provide a better means of correlating sandstone units into adjacent areas. Variation in the abundance of apatite in the Cambrian succession is independent of provenance signature and is interpreted as reflecting alternating dry and humid climatic conditions.

Improved methods of analysis and quantification of heavy mineral assemblages in Cambrian to Early Cretaceous sandstones of southwest Sinai have revealed successive changes in provenance that reflect both rejuvenation of the Arabian Shield and changes in the topographic configuration of the source area. Three mineral units have been identified in the Cambrian succession, at least three in the Carboniferous and three in the Cretaceous. It is predicted that the genetic units defined by these successive changes in mineralogy will be of regional extent and thus assist in elucidating the history of uplift of the Arabian-Nubian Shield and provide a better means of correlating sandstone units into adjacent areas. Variation in the abundance of apatite in the Cambrian succession is independent of provenance signature and is interpreted as reflecting alternating dry and humid climatic conditions.

In present work, some biochemical characteristics of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus were studied under the effect of different sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.1 mgl-1). Liver enzymes ALT and AST increased insignificantly at P0.05 whereas the ALP decreased insignificantly. The activities of G6PDH showed significant increase with the increased sublethel doses of 4-nonylphenol while the activities of LDH decreased insignificantly with increase of such doses. The concentrations of serum glucose and total cholesterol significantly increased after exposure to 4-nonylphenol, although Hyperglycemia is evident. The kidney function parameters such as total serum protein and uric acid increased insignificantly after exposure to 4-nonylphenol in comparison with the control fish whereas creatinine exhibited significant increase (P0.05). Some serum ions decreased significantly (HCO3 - and Na+) or insignificantly (Cu+2, Cl- and Ca+2) and others increased significantly (Fe+2) or insignificantly (K+) under 4-nonylphenol stress on C. gariepinus. Increased serum anion gap was associated with increased hyperglycemia and insignificant hypocalcemia. Such increased gap referred to nonylphenolinduced metabolic acidosis. The adverse impact of the sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol on the molecular structure of the protein was evident by electrophoresis. In conclusion, in addition to its tissue-specific estrogenic effects, 4-nonylphenol has non-estrogenic adverse effects on liver and kidney functions through activation of other metabolism-related genes distinct from estrogenresponsive genes.

In present work, some biochemical characteristics of the catfish, Clarias gariepinus were studied under the effect of different sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.1 mgl-1). Liver enzymes ALT and AST increased insignificantly at P0.05 whereas the ALP decreased insignificantly. The activities of G6PDH showed significant increase with the increased sublethel doses of 4-nonylphenol while the activities of LDH decreased insignificantly with increase of such doses. The concentrations of serum glucose and total cholesterol significantly increased after exposure to 4-nonylphenol, although Hyperglycemia is evident. The kidney function parameters such as total serum protein and uric acid increased insignificantly after exposure to 4-nonylphenol in comparison with the control fish whereas creatinine exhibited significant increase (P0.05). Some serum ions decreased significantly (HCO3 - and Na+) or insignificantly (Cu+2, Cl- and Ca+2) and others increased significantly (Fe+2) or insignificantly (K+) under 4-nonylphenol stress on C. gariepinus. Increased serum anion gap was associated with increased hyperglycemia and insignificant hypocalcemia. Such increased gap referred to nonylphenolinduced metabolic acidosis. The adverse impact of the sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol on the molecular structure of the protein was evident by electrophoresis. In conclusion, in addition to its tissue-specific estrogenic effects, 4-nonylphenol has non-estrogenic adverse effects on liver and kidney functions through activation of other metabolism-related genes distinct from estrogenresponsive genes.