The fundamental vibrations of the (PO3 anions in the AgGd(PO3)4 crystal are predicted by employing the correlation method based on the group theory. Nine external vibrations are allowed with no coincidence ac tivity between infrared and Raman spectra. The free PO3 ion with C3v molecular symmetry has six normal vibrations. Due to the crystalfield splitting effect, the six normal modes of vibrations are split into 96 in tramolecular vibrations. Symmetric and asymmetric stretching and bending modes are identified with deter mining of their spectral activity.

Global decline in frog populations is thought to indicate environmental damage caused by human activity. Pollution especially chemicals are found to contaminate aquatic ecosystems and their animals including fish and amphibians during their adult life and sensitive stages of development. Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) is one of the most dangerous chemicals that are recorded in aquatic environments, bacterial degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates produces more toxic nonylphenol (NP) which is estrogenic both on vitro and vivo assays. In present work, the exposure of embryos of Egyptian toad Bufo regularis to different sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 μgl-1) resulted in mortality rate increase and as a result some morphological malformations with histopathological changes in some organs were revealed. This study indicated the destructive effects of 4-Nonylphenol on the tadpoles of Egyptian toad.

Global decline in frog populations is thought to indicate environmental damage caused by human activity. Pollution especially chemicals are found to contaminate aquatic ecosystems and their animals including fish and amphibians during their adult life and sensitive stages of development. Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) is one of the most dangerous chemicals that are recorded in aquatic environments, bacterial degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates produces more toxic nonylphenol (NP) which is estrogenic both on vitro and vivo assays. In present work, the exposure of embryos of Egyptian toad Bufo regularis to different sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 μgl-1) resulted in mortality rate increase and as a result some morphological malformations with histopathological changes in some organs were revealed. This study indicated the destructive effects of 4-Nonylphenol on the tadpoles of Egyptian toad.

Global decline in frog populations is thought to indicate environmental damage caused by human activity. Pollution especially chemicals are found to contaminate aquatic ecosystems and their animals including fish and amphibians during their adult life and sensitive stages of development. Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) is one of the most dangerous chemicals that are recorded in aquatic environments, bacterial degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates produces more toxic nonylphenol (NP) which is estrogenic both on vitro and vivo assays. In present work, the exposure of embryos of Egyptian toad Bufo regularis to different sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 μgl-1) resulted in mortality rate increase and as a result some morphological malformations with histopathological changes in some organs were revealed. This study indicated the destructive effects of 4-Nonylphenol on the tadpoles of Egyptian toad.

Global decline in frog populations is thought to indicate environmental damage caused by human activity. Pollution especially chemicals are found to contaminate aquatic ecosystems and their animals including fish and amphibians during their adult life and sensitive stages of development. Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) is one of the most dangerous chemicals that are recorded in aquatic environments, bacterial degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates produces more toxic nonylphenol (NP) which is estrogenic both on vitro and vivo assays. In present work, the exposure of embryos of Egyptian toad Bufo regularis to different sublethal doses of 4-nonylphenol (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 μgl-1) resulted in mortality rate increase and as a result some morphological malformations with histopathological changes in some organs were revealed. This study indicated the destructive effects of 4-Nonylphenol on the tadpoles of Egyptian toad.

This study was devoted for H2 production from rotten fruits of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by three fermentation stages. A facultative anaerobe, Escherichia coli EGY was used in first stage to consume O2 and maintain strict anaerobic conditions for a second stage dark fermentative H2 production by the strictly anaerobic Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Subsequently, a third stage photofermentation using Rhodobacter capsulatus DSM 1710 has been conducted for the H2 production. The maximum total H2 yield of the three stages (7.8 mol H2 mol
1 sucrose) was obtained when 5 g L
1 of sucrose was supplemented to fermentor as rotten date fruits. A maximum estimated cumulative H2 yield of the three stages (162 LH2 kg
1 fresh rotten dates) was estimated at the (5 g L
1) sucrose concentration. These results suggest that rotten dates can be efficiently used for commercial H2 production. The described protocol did not require addition of a reducing agent or flashing with argon which both are expensive.

This study was devoted for H2 production from rotten fruits of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by three fermentation stages. A facultative anaerobe, Escherichia coli EGY was used in first stage to consume O2 and maintain strict anaerobic conditions for a second stage dark fermentative H2 production by the strictly anaerobic Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Subsequently, a third stage photofermentation using Rhodobacter capsulatus DSM 1710 has been conducted for the H2 production. The maximum total H2 yield of the three stages (7.8 mol H2 mol
1 sucrose) was obtained when 5 g L
1 of sucrose was supplemented to fermentor as rotten date fruits. A maximum estimated cumulative H2 yield of the three stages (162 LH2 kg
1 fresh rotten dates) was estimated at the (5 g L
1) sucrose concentration. These results suggest that rotten dates can be efficiently used for commercial H2 production. The described protocol did not require addition of a reducing agent or flashing with argon which both are expensive.

This study was devoted for H2 production from rotten fruits of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by three fermentation stages. A facultative anaerobe, Escherichia coli EGY was used in first stage to consume O2 and maintain strict anaerobic conditions for a second stage dark fermentative H2 production by the strictly anaerobic Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Subsequently, a third stage photofermentation using Rhodobacter capsulatus DSM 1710 has been conducted for the H2 production. The maximum total H2 yield of the three stages (7.8 mol H2 mol
1 sucrose) was obtained when 5 g L
1 of sucrose was supplemented to fermentor as rotten date fruits. A maximum estimated cumulative H2 yield of the three stages (162 LH2 kg
1 fresh rotten dates) was estimated at the (5 g L
1) sucrose concentration. These results suggest that rotten dates can be efficiently used for commercial H2 production. The described protocol did not require addition of a reducing agent or flashing with argon which both are expensive.

Spoilage date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits were used as substrate for acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) production by mixed culture of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 4451. B. subitlis was used to consume O2 and maintain strict anaerobic conditions for ABE production by the strictly anaerobic C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The total ABE production of 21.56 g L
1 was achieved at 75 g L
1 spoilage date fruits homogenate. The maximum ABE productivity of 0.30 g L
1 h
1 and ABE yield of 0.42 were obtained at 75 g L
1 spoilage date fruits homogenate by mixed culture without addition of a reducing agent and N2 flushing. Addition of yeast extract (5 g L
1) or ammonium nitrate (1.6 g L
1) to spoilage date fruits homogenate significantly enhanced ABE production. The combination of yeast extract and ammonium nitrate markedly increased ABE production. These results suggest that spoilage date fruits can be efficiently used for commercial ABE production. The described protocol did not require addition of any costly reducing agent to medium or flushing with N2 to ensure anaerobic conditions. This will makes the anaerobic fermentation of date fruits homogenate more economical and reduces the cost of ABE production.

The present study, which was conducted between 2009 and 2010, provides an analysis of the floristic composition, life forms, phenology, chorological spectrum and analysis of the vegetation in the deltaic part of Wadi Qena using multivariate analysis techniques. Twenty-five stands were sampled to represent, as much as possible, the vegetation variation in the study area. A total of 54 species (nineteen annuals and 35 perennials) belonging to 47 genera and nineteen families were recorded. The largest families were Fabaceae and Brassicaceae (nine and seven, respectively), Asteraceae and Poaceae (six for each), Chenopodiaceae (five), and Zygophyllaceae (four). Therophytes are the predominant life form (37%) followed by chamaephytes (24%), phanerophytes (18.5%), hemicryptophytes (9.29%) and cryptophytes (5.5%). Chorological analysis revealed that Saharo-Arabian (48%) and the Sudano-Zambezian (19.2%) chorotypes constitute the main bulk (67.2%) of the total flora of the studied area. The majority of the perennial species behave similarly to each other in their phenology, and usually perennials sprout at the end of February, become leafy in March, flower in April and produce fruits between April and July. Three main vegetation groups resulted from classification of the dominant vegetation. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that magnesium, potassium and pH were the most effective soil variables.