Tin dioxide(SnO2) nanoparticlesweresynthesizedbyaconventionalprecipitation
methodusingthereactionbetweentinchloridepentahydrateandammoniasolutions.
The obtainedpowderswerecalcinedatvariedtemperaturesfrom300to1050 1C, and
then characterizedbyusingthermogravimetricanalysis,differentialthermalanalysisand
Fourier transformationinfraredspectroscopy.Theaveragecrystallitesize,determinedby
x-ray diffraction,wasfoundtobeintherangeof3.45–23.5 nm.Theanalysisexhibiteda
tetragonalphase.Theactivationenergyofcrystalgrowthwascalculatedandfoundtobe
12.12kJ/mol.Themicrostructureofnanoparticleswasexaminedbyhighresolution
transmission electronmicroscopy.OpticalpropertieswereinvestigatedbyaUV–vis
absorptionspectrophotometer.Thecalculatedopticalbandgapliesbetween4.75–4.25eV
as aresultofincreasingthecalcinationtemperaturesandcrystallitesize.

Tin dioxide(SnO2) nanoparticlesweresynthesizedbyaconventionalprecipitation
methodusingthereactionbetweentinchloridepentahydrateandammoniasolutions.
The obtainedpowderswerecalcinedatvariedtemperaturesfrom300to1050 1C, and
then characterizedbyusingthermogravimetricanalysis,differentialthermalanalysisand
Fourier transformationinfraredspectroscopy.Theaveragecrystallitesize,determinedby
x-ray diffraction,wasfoundtobeintherangeof3.45–23.5 nm.Theanalysisexhibiteda
tetragonalphase.Theactivationenergyofcrystalgrowthwascalculatedandfoundtobe
12.12kJ/mol.Themicrostructureofnanoparticleswasexaminedbyhighresolution
transmission electronmicroscopy.OpticalpropertieswereinvestigatedbyaUV–vis
absorptionspectrophotometer.Thecalculatedopticalbandgapliesbetween4.75–4.25eV
as aresultofincreasingthecalcinationtemperaturesandcrystallitesize.

Tin dioxide(SnO2) nanoparticlesweresynthesizedbyaconventionalprecipitation
methodusingthereactionbetweentinchloridepentahydrateandammoniasolutions.
The obtainedpowderswerecalcinedatvariedtemperaturesfrom300to1050 1C, and
then characterizedbyusingthermogravimetricanalysis,differentialthermalanalysisand
Fourier transformationinfraredspectroscopy.Theaveragecrystallitesize,determinedby
x-ray diffraction,wasfoundtobeintherangeof3.45–23.5 nm.Theanalysisexhibiteda
tetragonalphase.Theactivationenergyofcrystalgrowthwascalculatedandfoundtobe
12.12kJ/mol.Themicrostructureofnanoparticleswasexaminedbyhighresolution
transmission electronmicroscopy.OpticalpropertieswereinvestigatedbyaUV–vis
absorptionspectrophotometer.Thecalculatedopticalbandgapliesbetween4.75–4.25eV
as aresultofincreasingthecalcinationtemperaturesandcrystallitesize.

The binding of antitumor flavonoids, namely 3-
hydroxyflavone (3HF) and hesperidin (Hesp) with dsDNA
was investigated in the absence and presence of Cu(II) using
cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry at the
hanging mercury drop electrode. The reduction currents of
3HF, 3HF-Cu complex, and the 3HF-β-cyclodextrin inclusion
complex decreased after intercalation into dsDNA. The intercalation
of Hesp into dsDNA is weak. dsDNA is reduced at a
potential of −1.48 V overlaying the reduction of Hesp. In
contrast, in the presence of Cu(II), the interaction of Hesp
with dsDNA leads to a much stronger intercalation. The
binding constants of the flavonoid-Cu complex with dsDNA
were evaluated and calibration graphs for the determination of
dsDNAwere obtained fromthe decrease in the peak current in
the cyclic voltammograms of 3HF in the presence of dsDNA.
The proposed method exhibited good recovery and reproducibility
for indirect determination of dsDNA.

The binding of antitumor flavonoids, namely 3-
hydroxyflavone (3HF) and hesperidin (Hesp) with dsDNA
was investigated in the absence and presence of Cu(II) using
cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry at the
hanging mercury drop electrode. The reduction currents of
3HF, 3HF-Cu complex, and the 3HF-β-cyclodextrin inclusion
complex decreased after intercalation into dsDNA. The intercalation
of Hesp into dsDNA is weak. dsDNA is reduced at a
potential of −1.48 V overlaying the reduction of Hesp. In
contrast, in the presence of Cu(II), the interaction of Hesp
with dsDNA leads to a much stronger intercalation. The
binding constants of the flavonoid-Cu complex with dsDNA
were evaluated and calibration graphs for the determination of
dsDNAwere obtained fromthe decrease in the peak current in
the cyclic voltammograms of 3HF in the presence of dsDNA.
The proposed method exhibited good recovery and reproducibility
for indirect determination of dsDNA.

The binding of antitumor flavonoids, namely 3-
hydroxyflavone (3HF) and hesperidin (Hesp) with dsDNA
was investigated in the absence and presence of Cu(II) using
cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry at the
hanging mercury drop electrode. The reduction currents of
3HF, 3HF-Cu complex, and the 3HF-β-cyclodextrin inclusion
complex decreased after intercalation into dsDNA. The intercalation
of Hesp into dsDNA is weak. dsDNA is reduced at a
potential of −1.48 V overlaying the reduction of Hesp. In
contrast, in the presence of Cu(II), the interaction of Hesp
with dsDNA leads to a much stronger intercalation. The
binding constants of the flavonoid-Cu complex with dsDNA
were evaluated and calibration graphs for the determination of
dsDNAwere obtained fromthe decrease in the peak current in
the cyclic voltammograms of 3HF in the presence of dsDNA.
The proposed method exhibited good recovery and reproducibility
for indirect determination of dsDNA.

An electrochemical anodic adsorptive stripping procedure for ultra-trace assay of 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) and
Morin at a renewable pencil electrode (PGE) in bulk form and in biological fluids is described. The nature of the
oxidation process of 3HF and Morin taking place at the PGE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The results
show that the determination of the oxidation peak current is the basis of a simple, accurate and rapid method for
quantification of 3HF by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Determination of Morin was achieved by
square-wave anodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry of the formed MorinCu(II) complex at a PGE. Factors influencing
the trace measurements of 3HF and the MorinCu (II) complex at a PGE are assessed. The limits of detection
and quantitation for the determination of 3HF and Morin in bulk form and in biological fluids were determined.
The statistical analysis and the calibration curve data for trace determination of 3HF and Morin are reported.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal disease of plasma cells that remains incurable despite the advent of several novel
therapeutics. In this study, we aimed to delineate the impact of snake venom extracted from Walterinnesia aegyptia (WEV)
alone or in combination with silica nanoparticles (WEV+NP) on primary MM cells isolated from patients diagnosed with MM
as well as on two MM cell lines, U266 and RPMI 8226. The IC(50) values of WEV and WEV+NP that significantly decreased
MM cell viability without affecting the viability of normal peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined to be 25
ng/ml and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Although both WEV (25 ng/ml) and WEV+NP (10 ng/ml) decreased the CD54 surface
expression without affecting the expression of CXCR4 (CXCL12 receptor) on MM cells, they significantly reduced the ability
of CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) to induce actin cytoskeleton rearrangement and the subsequent reduction in
chemotaxis. It has been established that the binding of CXCL12 to its receptor CXCR4 activates multiple intracellular signal
transduction pathways that regulate MM cell chemotaxis, adhesion, and proliferation. We found that WEV and WEV+NP
clearly decreased the CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated activation of AKT, ERK, NFκB and Rho-A using western blot analysis;
abrogated the CXCL12-mediated proliferation of MM cells using the CFSE assay; and induced apoptosis in MM cell as
determined by PI/annexin V double staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. Monitoring the expression of B-cell
CCL/Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family members and their role in apoptosis induction after treatment with WEV or WEV+NP
revealed that the combination of WEV with NP robustly decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic effectors Bcl-2,
Bcl(XL) and Mcl-1; conversely increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic effectors Bak, Bax and Bim; and altered the
mitochondrial membrane potential in MM cells. Taken together, our data reveal the biological effects of WEV and WEV+NP
and the underlying mechanisms against myeloma cancer cells.

Background: Delayed wound healing is considered one of the most serious diabetes-associated complications. The
presence of replicating organisms such as bacteria within a diabetic’s wound is considered one of the most
important factors that impair cutaneous wound healing and the potential cellular and/or molecular mechanisms
that are involved in the healing process. Defensins, which are anti-microbial peptides, have potent bactericidal
activity against a wide spectrum of the bacterial and fungal organisms that are commonly responsible for wound
infections. We recently demonstrated that camel whey proteins (WPs) expedite the healing of diabetic wounds by
enhancing the immune response of wounded tissue cells and by alleviating some of the diabetic complications.
Methods: In the present study, we investigated the effects of WP supplementation on the mRNA and protein
expression levels of β-defensin-1 (BD-1), 2 and 3 and subsequently on the wound healing process in a
streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse model. In this study, three groups of mice were used (10 mice per
group): group 1, the non-diabetic mice (control); group 2, the diabetic mice; and group 3, the diabetic mice that
received a daily supplement of undenatured WP (100 mg/kg of body weight) via oral gavage for 1 month.
Results: Compared with the non-diabetic control mice, the diabetic mice exhibited delayed wound closure that
was characterized by a reduction in hydroxyproline content (indicator of collagen deposition), a marked elevation
in free radical levels and a prolonged elevation in the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6),
transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Interestingly, compared with the
diabetic mice that did not receive WP supplementation, the diabetic mice with WP had an accelerated closure and
healing process of their wounds. The WP supplementation also decreased their levels of free radicals and restored
their hydroxyproline content; proinflammatory cytokine levels; and expression of BD-1, 2 and 3 in the wounded
tissue.
Conclusion: WP supplementation may be beneficial for improving the healing and closure of diabetic wounds.

The effect of anodization parameters, e.g. anodizing voltage, anodizing current, duration time, electrolyte temperature, electrolyte type and concentration, on the volume expansion of anodized Al, Al-1wt%Si and Al-1%Cu thin films have been studied. The volume expansion factor of anodic porous alumina is found to vary from 1.32 to 2.08, depending on the anodizing voltage, anodizing current density and electrolyte type. The electrolyte temperature and impurity type have slight effect on the volume expansion factor. The relation between the pore density of porous alumina and the anodizing voltage is found to follow the relation NP=9.4×1010exp(-0.042V). In addition, the current efficiency during the anodization was determined to be about 83%.