Riverbank filtration (RBF) is an efficient and
low-cost natural alternative technology for water supply
application in which surface water contaminants are removed
or degraded as the infiltrating water moves from
the river to the pumping wells. In this study, a full-scale
RBF site consisting of three vertical wells installed 50 m
from Nile bank was investigated. The RBF systems are
particularly well suited for providing better water quality
than withdrawal directly from the Nile River to produce
drinking water for New Aswan city. The study is carried
out by taking samples over 1 year from riverbank filtrates
wells, Nile River (as induced surface water), and some production
wells were collected and analyzed. Physicochemical
and microbiological measurements such as turbidity, dissolved
oxygen, total suspended solids, total organic carbon,
total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, Fe, Mn,
NH3, NO2, NO3, PO4, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, Cl, total
bacteria, and total coliform were carried out. The results of
bank filtrate were compared with those of the natural groundwater
and previous reported Nile water. Chemical and bacterial
quality parameters of RBF are under the allowable limits
for drinkingwater.Moreover, bank filtration is simultaneously
improved the ambient groundwater and cleaned Nile water in
the studied area. Result of this full-scale RBF plant showed
the effectiveness of riverbank filtration as a proven treatment
technique in Nile Valley with a fraction of cost comparing to
conventional surface treatment plants.

A series of six pharmaceutically promising 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepine derivatives (1c–h) were cleanly
prepared by Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylations of nitrogen-containing alkanols in the presence of AlCl3, 85% H2SO4 or
polyphosphoric acid catalysts. The precursor alkanols (13a–f) were readily prepared by reaction of two synthesized
carboxylic acid esters (12a, b) with different Grignard reagents. Also, two dibenzo[b,f]azepinones (15a, b) were prepared
by Friedel–Crafts cycliacylation and reduced to the corresponding 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepines (1a, b).
Overall, this approach allows easy and efficient access to polytricyclic amines from easily synthesized alkanols or
cycloketones. A plausible carbocation mechanism is proposed to account for the results.

A series of six pharmaceutically promising 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepine derivatives (1c–h) were cleanly
prepared by Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylations of nitrogen-containing alkanols in the presence of AlCl3, 85% H2SO4 or
polyphosphoric acid catalysts. The precursor alkanols (13a–f) were readily prepared by reaction of two synthesized
carboxylic acid esters (12a, b) with different Grignard reagents. Also, two dibenzo[b,f]azepinones (15a, b) were prepared
by Friedel–Crafts cycliacylation and reduced to the corresponding 5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b][1]benzazepines (1a, b).
Overall, this approach allows easy and efficient access to polytricyclic amines from easily synthesized alkanols or
cycloketones. A plausible carbocation mechanism is proposed to account for the results.

A novel one-pot synthesis of six di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted acenaphthenes 18a-f via
direct and/or rearranged Friedel-Crafts cyclialkylations of seven novel carbinols 1a-g
is described. The methodology involves treatment of alkanols 1a-g in the presence of
both Brønsted (PPA, H2SO4) and Lewis (AlCl3/CH3NO2) acid catalysts. The method
offers several advantages such as high yields, high selectivities, and easily accessible
starting materials. A plausible mechanism for this type of Friedel-Crafts cyclialkylation
is proposed.

A novel one-pot synthesis of six di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted acenaphthenes 18a-f via
direct and/or rearranged Friedel-Crafts cyclialkylations of seven novel carbinols 1a-g
is described. The methodology involves treatment of alkanols 1a-g in the presence of
both Brønsted (PPA, H2SO4) and Lewis (AlCl3/CH3NO2) acid catalysts. The method
offers several advantages such as high yields, high selectivities, and easily accessible
starting materials. A plausible mechanism for this type of Friedel-Crafts cyclialkylation
is proposed.

An efficient methodology for the synthesis of novel substituted pyrido[
3,2,1-jk]carbazoles via Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylations is reported. The
methodology was realized by a three-step protocol involving the addition of
carbazole to 3-methylcrotononitrile. The resulting nitrile was subjected to
alcoholysis to the desired ester, followed by addition of Grignard reagents to
afford tertiary alcohols and/or reacted directly with different Grignard reagents
to form the desired ketones. The latter ketones were converted to both secondary
and tertiary alcohols by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH)
and addition of Grignard reagents, respectively. These alcohols were cyclialkylated
under Friedel–Crafts conditions catalyzed by AlCl3/CH3NO2, p-toluenesulfonic
acid (PTSA) or polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to give tri- and tetrasubstituted
pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazoles.

An efficient methodology for the synthesis of novel substituted pyrido[
3,2,1-jk]carbazoles via Friedel–Crafts cyclialkylations is reported. The
methodology was realized by a three-step protocol involving the addition of
carbazole to 3-methylcrotononitrile. The resulting nitrile was subjected to
alcoholysis to the desired ester, followed by addition of Grignard reagents to
afford tertiary alcohols and/or reacted directly with different Grignard reagents
to form the desired ketones. The latter ketones were converted to both secondary
and tertiary alcohols by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH)
and addition of Grignard reagents, respectively. These alcohols were cyclialkylated
under Friedel–Crafts conditions catalyzed by AlCl3/CH3NO2, p-toluenesulfonic
acid (PTSA) or polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to give tri- and tetrasubstituted
pyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazoles.

The unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow of a
nanofluid past an oscillatory moving vertical permeable
semi-infinite flat plate with constant heat source in a
rotating frame of reference is theoretically investigated.
The velocity along the plate (slip velocity) is assumed to
oscillate on time with a constant frequency. The analytical
solutions of the boundary layer equations are assumed of
oscillatory type and they are obtained by using the small
perturbation approximations. The influence of various relevant
physical characteristics are presented and discussed

The boundary-layer flow and heat transfer in a viscous fluid contains metal nanoparticles over a
nonlinear stretching sheet is analyzed. The stretching velocity is assumed to vary as a power function of the
distance from the origin. A similarity solution is presented which depends on the nonlinear stretching parameter
n, Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le, Brownian motion number Nb and thermophoresis number Nt. The
boundary layer velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles are then determined numerically.
The influence of various relevant parameters are discussed and comparison with published results is presented

We study the effects of higher-order chemical reaction and heat generation on
coupled heat and mass transfer by MHD mixed convection from a permeable radiating
inclined plate with the thermal convective boundary condition. The governing boundary
layer equations are formulated and transformed into a set of similarity equations
using dimensionless similarity variables developed by Lie group analysis. The resulting
equations are then solved numerically using Maple 13 which uses a fourth–fifth
order Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg algorithm for solving nonlinear boundary value problems.
A representative set of numerical results are displayed graphically and discussed
to show some interesting aspects of the parameters: convective heat transfer (γ), the
angle of inclination (α), generation order of chemical reaction (n), reaction rate (λ),
the Prandtl number (Pr), and the Schmidt number (Sc) on the dimensionless axial
velocity, the temperature, and the concentration profiles. Also effects of pertinent
parameters on the skin friction factor, the rate of heat, and the rate of mass transfer are
obtained and displayed in tabular form. Good agreement is found between the
numerical results of the present paper with the earlier published works under some
special cases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res