Rhizobia-legume symbiosis depends on molecular dialog, which involves the production of specific plant flavonoid
compounds as signal molecules. Rhizobium tibeticum was recovered from the root nodule of fenugreek and
identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The effect of salinity stress on nod gene expression was measured in
terms of b-galactosidase activity. R. tibeticum containing Escherichia coli lacZ gene fusions to specific nodulation (nod)
genes were used to determine b-galactosidase activity. Combination of hesperetin (7.5 mM) and apigenin (7.5 mM)
significantly increased b-galactosidase activity more than the single application of hesperetin or apigenin.
Preincubation of R. tibeticum with hesperetin and apigenin combination significantly alleviates the adverse effect of
salinity on nod gene expression and therefore, enhances nodulation and nitrogen fixation of fenugreek.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of 2,2,2 trifluoroethanol (TFE) and acetonitrile (ACN) on the stability, behavior, and structural characteristics of giant multimeric protein Keyhole Limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by combining the circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence measurements of KLH solution. In concentration range 20-50 % (v/v) TFE, protein at pH 7.4 shows visible aggregation while no aggregation was observed in the entire concentration range of TFE at molten globule (MG) state (pH 2.8) and resulted in stable α-helix. Our result shows that in the presence of 80 % (v/v) and 40 % (v/v) TFE, at native (pH 7.4) and MG state (pH 2.8) occurred in a highly helical state referred to as TFE denatured state I and II, respectively. However, in case of ACN, aggregation starts above 40 % (v/v) for pH 7.4 and at 80 % (v/v) for acid-induced MG (pH 2.8) state, which was dominated by β-sheet structure and referred to as ACN denatured state III and IV. An important object of our investigation is to get more detail study of efficiency of cosolvents in inducing structural changes in KLH. The dependence of scattering intensity and the R h on alcohol concentrations was investigated at 25 °C.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bacterial pneumonia and malnutrition on the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in peripheral blood of pediatric patients through flow cytometric analysis. The study was an analytical case-control study carried out on 35 malnourished children with bacterial pneumonia and 20 well-nourished children with bacterial pneumonia, in addition to 20 healthy children as controls. Complete physical examination including; anthropometric measurement, Chest roentgenograms were done for all cases. Assessment of MN was done by FACSCalibur flow cytometry. The frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RETs) was higher both in the malnourished children with pneumonia and well-nourished children with pneumonia than the controls. Within the malnourished children with pneumonia, patients with kwashiorkor had more micronucleated mature erythrocytes (MN-RBCs) and MN-RETs than patients with marasmus. In conclusion: Pneumonia is associated with an increased frequency of MN and this increment is more pronounced in children with severe malnutrition especially kwashiorkor group.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to deal with unsteady double diffusive natural convection in a square enclosure filled with a porous medium with various boundary condition effects in the presence of heat source or sink.

Design/methodology/approach – Finite difference method was employed to solve the dimensionless governing equations of the problem. The effects of governing parameters, namely, amplitude wave length ratio, dimensionless time parameter, Darcy number, buoyancy parameter and heat generation/absorption parameter on the streamlines, temperature and concentration contours, as well as Nusselt number and Sherwood number, were considered.

Findings – The sinusoidal variations of the temperature and concentration remove the singularities which appear in the case of fixed temperature and concentration.

Originality/value – The paper's results are validated by favorable comparisons with previously published results. The results of the problem are presented in graphical and tabular forms and discussed.

This paper presents a numerical investigation of laminar mixed convection cooling of heat
source embedded on the bottom wall of an enclosure filled with nanofluids. The transport
equations for a Newtonian fluid are solved numerically with finite difference method. The
influences of governing parameters, namely, Rayleigh number, Reynolds number, location
and geometry of the heat source, the type of nanofluid and solid volume fraction of nanoparticles
on the cooling performance is studied. The present results are validated by favorable
comparisons with previously published results. The results of the problem are presented in
graphical and tabular forms and discussed.

A numerical study of laminar magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in an inclined lid-driven squarecavity with opposing temperature gradients is presented. The vertical sidewalls are assumed to havenon-uniform temperature variation while the top and bottom walls are kept insulated with the topsurface moving at a constant speed. The transport equations are given in terms of the stream functions-vorticity formulation and are non-dimensionalized and then solved numerically by an accurate finite-volume method. The computation is carried out for wide ranges of the inclination angle (0 ≤  ≤ /2), theRichardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 100), the Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), the amplitude ratio (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)and the phase deviation (0 ≤  ≤ ). The results indicate that the rate of heat transfer along the heatedwalls is enhanced on increasing either Hartmann number or inclination angle. Average Nusselt numberis also, increased with increasing of the amplitude ratio for all values of the phase deviation. The non-uniform heating on both walls provides higher heat transfer rate than non-uniform heating of one wall.

A numerical investigation is performed into the natural convection heat transfer characteristics within an
enclosed cavity filled with nanofluid. The left and right walls of the cavity have a complex-wavy geometry
and are maintained at a low and high temperature, respectively. Meanwhile, the upper and lower walls of
the cavity are both flat and insulated. The nanofluid is composed of Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in pure
water. In performing the analysis, the governing equations are formulated using the Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics and the complex-wavy-surface is modeled as the superimposition of two sinusoidal functions.
The simulations examine the effects of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the Rayleigh number and the
complex-wavy-surface geometry parameters on the flowstreamlines, isotherm distribution and Nusselt number
within the cavity. The results show that for all values of the Rayleigh number, the Nusselt number, increases as
the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases. In addition, it is shown that the heat transfer performance can be
optimized by tuning the wavy-surface geometry parameters in accordance with the Rayleigh number. Overall,
the results presented in this study provide a useful insight into potential strategies for enhancing the convection
heat transfer performance within enclosed cavities with complex-wavy-wall surfaces.

A numerical investigation is performed into the natural convection heat transfer characteristics within an
enclosed cavity filled with nanofluid. The left and right walls of the cavity have a complex-wavy geometry
and are maintained at a low and high temperature, respectively. Meanwhile, the upper and lower walls of
the cavity are both flat and insulated. The nanofluid is composed of Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in pure
water. In performing the analysis, the governing equations are formulated using the Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics and the complex-wavy-surface is modeled as the superimposition of two sinusoidal functions.
The simulations examine the effects of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the Rayleigh number and the
complex-wavy-surface geometry parameters on the flowstreamlines, isotherm distribution and Nusselt number
within the cavity. The results show that for all values of the Rayleigh number, the Nusselt number, increases as
the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases. In addition, it is shown that the heat transfer performance can be
optimized by tuning the wavy-surface geometry parameters in accordance with the Rayleigh number. Overall,
the results presented in this study provide a useful insight into potential strategies for enhancing the convection
heat transfer performance within enclosed cavities with complex-wavy-wall surfaces.

In this paper, the buoyancy-driven fluid flow and heat transfer in a square cavity with partially active side walls are investigated numerically. The top and vertical walls of the cavity are maintained at the relatively low temperature. The governing partial differential equations have been described in smoothed particle hydrodynamics formulations. The transport equations for a Newtonian fluid are solved numerically using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The results indicate the relation among changes taking part in the heat source length, heat source location, Rayleigh number, maximum temperature and maximum value of stream function and velocities.