Background: Improper disposal of household wastes cause health problem to the people from this problem irritation in eye, gastrointestinal problem, headache and allergies...etc. Aim of study: evaluate effect of household wastes on individuals health in rural villages at Assiut Governorate through assessing participant's knowledge, attitude and behavior about household waste disposal. Subjects and Method: Study conducted in Elwaan and Elmashiaa villages at Assiut Governorate. Descriptive research was used in the study. Tools composed of, first part socio-economic scale, second part knowledge questionnaire about waste disposal, third part attitude rating scale about waste disposal, fourth part behaviors questionnaire about waste disposal and fifth part effect of wastes on health. Results: findings of the study revealed that diarrhea and eye diseases are the most common disease caused by wastes followed by skin diseases, parasitic disease, dysentery, typhoid fever, scorpion bites, poisoning, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and snakes bites. It was clear that (61.2%) of participants had poor behavior. Conclusion: there were relation between poor wastes disposal and diseases and relation between caring with animals and birds in the house and diseases. Recommendations: health education program to the public about solid waste and its related issues through mass media.
Key words:Household wastes, Knowledge, Attitude, Behaviors & Effect.

Cervical cancer can affect women of all ages, but is most common in women between 30
– 45 years of age.. The AimKey word cervical cancer, screening, prevention, counseling. of This study was to investigate the effectiveness of the
counseling program on prevention of cervical cancer among women. The study design:
Quiz experimental design A purposive sample of all women who met the required
criteria. Study tools: An interview questionnaire was used, it consisted of 3 parts: The
first part included personal data. The second part assessed women’s knowledge about
cervical cancer and screening using Pap smear The third part women’s attitude about
cervical cancer and Pap smear screening. Results: It was found that more than a third
ranged from 30 -< 40 years. The majority of women had poor knowledge about cervical
cancer in the pre- test, which improved significantly after the immediate post-test.
Conclusion and Recommendations: This study concluded that rural women had limited
knowledge about cervical cancer and prevention. There was a positive correlation
between total score ' knowledge and attitude regarding prevention of cervical cancer. The
study recommended, raise community awareness and improve their knowledge about the
disease and its prevention. Also, improve woman’s attitude towards counseling and
screening using Pap smear

Autism is a neurological disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction, qualitative impairments in communication, and restricted repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Autistic Spectrum Disorders are relatively common without known etiology can be found in 80-90%
of cases. The aim of this study is to recognize the risk factors for Autistic Spectrum Disorders at Assiut City. The
study was descriptive research design; it was conducted in all autism centers at Assiut city which includes 7
centers and included 47 parents who agree to participate in this study selected by convenient sample. The study
included a structured interview sheet; this sheet divided into two parts Socio demographic characteristics, and
parent’s knowledge about risk factors of Autism. The main findings of the study are: male represent a higher
prevalence (72.3%) rate of autism than females (27.7%), and autistic children were more prevalent among
families living in urban areas (80.9%) than rural (19.1%). The present study clears that (63.8%) of the fathers
and 61.7% of the mothers had university level, the majority (85.1%) of autistic parents’ children hadn’t
consanguinity degree while only (14.9%) from them had consanguinity from first degree (cousin), the vast
majorities (97.9%) of studied children haven’t family history of autism; the present study found that all mothers
of studied children hadn't any history of rubella, diabetes, thyroid and infectious diseases while only (4.3%) were
exposed to eclampsia. The study recommended that, increase of public awareness about the risk factors of autism
and its prevention by community leaders, mass media, and others especially at rural area. The curriculum of
medicine and nursing faculties should include the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (risk factors, diagnosis and
different treatment methods). Further studies should be conducted and gained a lot of attention for Autistic
children and their parents.
Key wards: Autism - Autism Spectrum Disorders – Risk factors

Background: Constipation is a common digestive problem in elderly people. Study

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of nursing intervention on the severity of

constipation among elderly people at Sohag geriatric club. Design: A quasi-experimental

research design was utilized. Setting: The study was conducted at Sohag geriatric club.

Subjects: The study sample consisted of elderly participants were 244 (male & female) was

selected by convenient sample; the nursing intervention was applied on all elders who had

constipation (84) after assessment phase. Tools of data collection: two proper tools were

used, tool (I): consisted of two parts A) socio-demographic characteristics of older adults e.g.

age, sex, education level, part (2): medical and nutritional history. Tool (II): Constipation

assessment scale to measure constipation severity. Results: about one third (34.4%) of

elderly were having constipation, also the study revealed that, there was highly statistical

significant improvement in severity of constipation before and after application the nursing

intervention. Conclusion: The study concluded that nursing intervention effective to

decrease severity of constipation among elderly with constipation. Recommendation

Application of nursing intervention to manage and decrease the severity of constipation

among elderly people and importance of implementing periodic health education program for

gerontological nurses, other health care providers and caregivers about management and

prevention of constipation among elderly people.

Keywords: Elderly, Constipation, Nursing Intervention.

Abstract
Adolescence is a significant period characterized by growth, developmental, needs and rights. Dysmenorrhea is a severe, painful, cramping sensation in the lower abdomen and has different detrimental effects on females and the community. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among secondary girl Students. Subject and Methods: Descriptive cross sectional research design was used in this study. It was conducted in four secondary girl schools at Assiut city by using multi stage random sample of 666 students who participated in the study, while the girl students having dysmenorrhea represent 515.Three tools were used for data collection, first tools: A structured self-administered questionnaire which consisted of two parts: part I: included personal characteristics, part II: knowledge about menstruation and dysmenorrhea .Second tools: Verbal Multidimensional Scoring System (VMS). Third tools: Visual Analogue scale used to assess the severity of dysmenorrhea. Results: The mean age of studied students ± SD was 16.31 ± 0.91(15.0-19.0), more than two thirds (77.3%) of them suffering from dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: More than three quarters of secondary girl students suffering from dysmenorrhea .Recommendation: Increase awareness of students regarding menstruation and dysmenorrhea through mass media. Health education program to students, teacher and school health nurses about menstruation, dysmenorrhea and how to relive pain.
Key Words: Prevalence, Adolescent, Primary dysmenorrhea