Population activity of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) inhabiting cucumber plants was studied during two successive seasons of 2020 and 2021 at Manflout and Qusia districts, Assiut governorate, Egypt. The eight tested cucumber cultivars slightly differed in population densities of T. urticae stages (motile and immotile) in both seasons and areas.  The obtained results showed that the spider mite T. urticae activity increased in summer plantation during the two studied seasons. Bahie and Barcoda cultivars showed the highest numbers of the pest all stages in Manflout during the summer of 2020, with an average of 30.86 individuals for Bahie cultivar and 40.47 individuals for Barcoda one. Meanwhile, 39 and Barcoda cultivars gave an average of 38.04 and 23.20 individuals at Qusia during both studied seasons. The current study found that all cucumber cultivars were sensitive to the infestation with the two-spotted spider mite, but the sensitivity varies from one cultivar to another.

Soil and plant contamination with pesticides and heavy metals have significant effects on human health. There may be an interaction effect (synergistic or antagonistic) between them that can increase the risk of their presence in certain amounts. A pot experiment was conducted using four pesticides (acetamiprid, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) applied on Lew mallow (Chorcoruis olitorus) plants grown on contaminated and uncontaminated soils. Some heavy metals and pesticide residues were determined. Treating plants with different pesticides increased the soil content of pesticide residues, and the increases were much higher in previously contaminated soils compared with the uncontaminated ones. Soil content of pesticide residues in contaminated soil can be arranged in descending order as follows: acetamiprid > thiamethoxam > imidacloprid > emamectin benzoate with increases by 707, 373, 287, and 124%, respectively, compared to the control. The highest antagonism was found between Acetamiprid and soil Zn, Emamectin benzoate and soil Pb, Imidacloprid and Mn in soil and plant, Thiamethoxam and plant Zn. The highest synergistic relationships were found between Acetamiprid with Pb and Ni in plant, emamectin benzoate with Mn and Cd, in soil and plant’s Mn, imidacloprid and plant Zn, thiamethoxam and Pb in soil and Cd in plant.

Contamination by spent engine oil represents a significant global environmental challenge as it poses a major hazard to human health, animals, plants, microorganisms, the soil ecosystem, and aquatic ecosystems. This study assumes that some amendments differ significantly in their ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Therefore, this incubation study was conducted to investigate the effect of different types of inorganic and organic amendments (zeolite, bone char, banana leaves biochar, and wood chips biochar) on carbon emissions (CO₂-C) and the kinetics of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHC) degradation in artificial petroleum-contaminated soil. These amendments were added to the soil under study at a dose of 3% (w/w). At the end of the incubation period, applying zeolite, bone char, banana leaves biochar, and wood chips biochar to artificial petroleum-contaminated soil significantly reduced cumulative CO₂-C emissions compared to the control. The banana leaves biochar significantly decreased TPHC concentrations in artificial petroleum-contaminated soil compared to the control treatment. At the end of the incubation period, adding banana leaves biochar to the soil showed high degradation efficiencies of TPHC which was 36% higher than soil before incubation. The effectiveness of applying amendments used in this experiment on the degradation of TPHC increase was in the order of banana leaves biochar > bone char > wood chips biochar > control > zeolite. The second-order model described the kinetics of total petroleum hydrocarbons better than the first-order model. Banana leaves biochar added to the soil resulted in a significant increase in the degradation rate constant of total petroleum hydrocarbons (k₂) compared with the control. A higher k₂ value indicates that TPHC degrades more rapidly. The half-life of TPHC degradation in the soil was decreased significantly by adding banana leaves biochar. According to the second-order equation, the half-lives of control, zeolite, bone char, banana leaves biochar, and wood chips biochar were 4.0, 5.3, 2.7, 1.0, and 3.6 years, respectively. The banana leaves biochar amendment might be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than other organic amendments because it has the high potential for carbon sequestration and remediate petroleum-contaminated soil, which would increase the sustainable use of petroleum-contaminated soil leading to preserving the environment.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. In   this study, response of Cabbage crop (cv. Korsina) to five different (animal, poultry, plant, plant + animal, poultry + animal) organic manure treatments as compared to the chemical fertilization (control) was evaluated under field conditions in two consecutive seasons of    2019/2020 and 2020/2021. The aim of the experiments was to determine the best organic fertilizer (manure) option (whether plant, animal, poultry) for better growth and head yield   of cabbage, and to determine the best organic combination on cabbage growth. Various    vegetative parameters were measured including head length with and without wrapper      leaves, stem length, inner and outer stem diameters, and total head yield. The results of  our study showed that some vegetative growth parameters such as stem length, and inner and outer stem diameters were significantly enhanced by the different manure treatments. Cabbage plants fertilized with plant manure had the highest mean values of total head       yield. The second best treatment for enhancing total head yield of cabbage was the mixture of plant and animal manure fertilizer. We conclude that plant manure can be used either alone or in combination with animal manure for growing the studied cabbage         cultivar.

A field experiment was carried out during the two consecutive winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 in the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Egypt. The objective of study was to evaluate the response of five garlic genotypes, (Egaseed1, Sids40, Clone 3, Clone 4 and Clone 5) to the foliar application of chitosan (0 , 1.5 , 2 and 2.5 cm/L).
The results showed that the highest leave number was obtained by Clone 4 and Clone 5 in both seasons respectively. Whereas the highest leave number was obtained by control and 1.5 cm/L respectively. Through highest plant was Clone 3, Clone 5 respectively. While the highest plants were obtained by 1.5 cm/L. The highest fresh and cured yield ton / fed were obtained by Clone 4 and Clone 5 in both seasons respectively. While the highest fresh and cured yield ton / fed were obtained by 2 cm/L and control respectively. Meanwhile the highest Garlic bulb diameter after curing was obtained by Clone 5 and sids40 in both seasons respectively. While the highest Garlic bulb diameter after curing was obtained by 2cm/L. Meantime highest Average clove weight after curing was obtained by Clone 3 and sids40 respectively. While highest Average clove weight after curing was obtained by 2 cm/L and control respectively. Meanwhile highest T.S.S after curing was Egaseed1, Clone 4 respectively. While the highest T.S.S after curing was obtained by 2.5 cm/L respectively. Meanwhile lowest Weight loss percentage after curing was sids40, Clone 5 respectively. While the lowest Weight loss percentage after curing was obtained by 2cm/L and 2.5 cm/L respectively.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of two seedling dates
and foliar application of Algae extract, Moringa extract, fulvic acid and Mepiquat
chloride on some growth and fruit productivity of cucumber plants (Cucumis
sativus L.) cv. barracuda at private farm in "Awlad Al-Sharif" village in Dirout
city, Assiut Governorate, Egypt. Two experiments were conducted during the
successive seasons of 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 inside greenhouses. Spraying
cucumber plants was done with two concentrations three weeks after seedling two
times at 15 day intervals each. The experiment was laid out in Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a split-plot arrangement in three
replications. Seedling dates were assigned in the main plot and foliar application
(with two concentrations) was arranged in sub-plot.

Results indicate that planting cucumber seedlings early in November under
protected agricultural systems leads to significant effect on all traits under the
study except fruit length and fruit diameter compared to the second seeding date,
respectively. All foliar application treatments and their interactions gave highly
response in all traits especially the high concentration of algae (3 g/m3) and fulvic
(3 g/m3) compared with other treatments.

Recycling slaughterhouse waste such as bone and converting it into bone char is a promising environmentally friendly, lowcost strategy in a circular economy and an important source of phosphorus. Therefore, this review focused on the impacts of bone char on the availability, dynamics, and transformations of phosphorus in soils as well as plant growth and utilizing bone char in remediating contaminated soils by heavy metals. Bone char is material produced through bone pyrolysis under limited oxygen at 300–1050 °C. Bone char applications to the soils significantly increased phosphorus availability and plant growth. Agricultural practices such as co-applying organic acids or sulfur or nitrogen fertilizers with bone char in some soils played an important role in enhanced phosphorus availability. Also, co-applying bone char with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms enhanced plant growth and phosphorus availability in the soils. Applying bone char to the soils changed the dynamics and redistribution of phosphorous fractions, enhanced fertility, promoted crop growth and productivity, reduced heavy metals uptake by plants in contaminated soil, and decreased heavy metals bioavailability. Bone char has shown positive performance in remediating soils contaminated by heavy metals. Bone char proved its efficiency in sustainable agriculture and practical applications as an alternative source of phosphate fertilizers, it is safe, cheap and helps in remediating contaminated soils by heavy metals. Using bone char as a slow-release fertilizer is potentially beneficial because it reduces the hazard of excessive fertilizing and nutrient leaching which have negative impacts on the ecosystem.