Seeking new yeast strains having the ability to protect apple fruits against blue mould for a long time under different storage conditions was the main goal of this work. Based on the in vitro test, yeast strains KKUY0017 and KKUY0051 were selected as the most effective antagonists against Penicillium expansum. Sequencing of 26S rDNA of both yeasts confirmed that the identity of KKUY0017 and KKUY0051 was Cryptococcus albidus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus, respectively. The two strains protected the apple fruits from the blue mould disease under a wide range of temperature (5–30°C); however, W. anomalus KKUY0051 was more effective. At 25°C, W. anomalus KKUY0051 involved in the reduction of disease severity and disease incidence of blue mould by 56.49% and 57.78%, respectively. When either of the two yeasts was applied in concentration of 108 or 109 cells/mL, the maximum reduction in disease severity and disease incidence was achieved. Under cold storage (5°C), both yeast strains succeeded to protect the apple fruits free from the infection up to 24 days. Electron micrograph showed a fit attachment between the cells of C. albidus KKUY0017 and the fungal hyphae leading to the degrading of the hyphae; however, W. anomalus killed the fungal hyphae without direct attachment to them. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the cell-free extract of W. anomalus KKUY0051 revealed the presence of toxic compounds such as the nitrophenol derivatives. The results support the assumption that the main mode of action of this yeast is by killer toxins. We conclude that application of these yeasts under cold storage condition could keep the apple fruits free from blue mould infection for a long time.

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Lomustine (LMT) is chemotherapeutic drug and it functions by interfering DNA in fast growing cells and preventing them from reproducing. The present work is focused on the interaction of LMT with single and double stranded DNA at different temperatures and at two physiological pH values i.e. 7.4 (human blood pH) and 4.7 (stomach pH). The binding interaction of LMT with DNA under simulated physiological conditions was examined employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and various spectroscopic methods. The electrochemical results indicate that LMT gets intercalated between dsDNA bases and the strength of intercalation is independent on the ionic strength. The hyperchromic effect in absorption of LMT–dsDNA complex and the observed fluorescence quenching of dsDNA-ethidium bromide system by the anticancer drug LMT affirmed the intercalative mode of binding between LMT and dsDNA. Comparison of the mode of interaction of LMT with dsDNA and ssDNA was discussed. The corresponding heterogeneous rate constant (ks), the electron transfer coefficient (α) and surface concentration (Γ) were calculated for the free LMT and the bound LMT–DNA complex. At the same time binding constants, stoichiometric coefficients and thermodynamic parameters of LMT–dsDNA and LMT–ssDNA complexes were evaluated. The magnitude of changes in ∆ G°, ∆ H° and ∆ S° indicated that the binding process of LMT with DNA at pH 7.4 is more favorable and spontaneous than at pH 4.7 which provided the most stable complexes are formed at human blood pH.

Lomustine (LMT) is chemotherapeutic drug and it functions by interfering DNA in fast growing cells and preventing them from reproducing. The present work is focused on the interaction of LMT with single and double stranded DNA at different temperatures and at two physiological pH values i.e. 7.4 (human blood pH) and 4.7 (stomach pH). The binding interaction of LMT with DNA under simulated physiological conditions was examined employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and various spectroscopic methods. The electrochemical results indicate that LMT gets intercalated between dsDNA bases and the strength of intercalation is independent on the ionic strength. The hyperchromic effect in absorption of LMT–dsDNA complex and the observed fluorescence quenching of dsDNA-ethidium bromide system by the anticancer drug LMT affirmed the intercalative mode of binding between LMT and dsDNA. Comparison of the mode of interaction of LMT with dsDNA and ssDNA was discussed. The corresponding heterogeneous rate constant (ks), the electron transfer coefficient (α) and surface concentration (Γ) were calculated for the free LMT and the bound LMT–DNA complex. At the same time binding constants, stoichiometric coefficients and thermodynamic parameters of LMT–dsDNA and LMT–ssDNA complexes were evaluated. The magnitude of changes in ∆ G°, ∆ H° and ∆ S° indicated that the binding process of LMT with DNA at pH 7.4 is more favorable and spontaneous than at pH 4.7 which provided the most stable complexes are formed at human blood pH.

Lomustine (LMT) is chemotherapeutic drug and it functions by interfering DNA in fast growing cells and preventing them from reproducing. The present work is focused on the interaction of LMT with single and double stranded DNA at different temperatures and at two physiological pH values i.e. 7.4 (human blood pH) and 4.7 (stomach pH). The binding interaction of LMT with DNA under simulated physiological conditions was examined employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and various spectroscopic methods. The electrochemical results indicate that LMT gets intercalated between dsDNA bases and the strength of intercalation is independent on the ionic strength. The hyperchromic effect in absorption of LMT–dsDNA complex and the observed fluorescence quenching of dsDNA-ethidium bromide system by the anticancer drug LMT affirmed the intercalative mode of binding between LMT and dsDNA. Comparison of the mode of interaction of LMT with dsDNA and ssDNA was discussed. The corresponding heterogeneous rate constant (ks), the electron transfer coefficient (α) and surface concentration (Γ) were calculated for the free LMT and the bound LMT–DNA complex. At the same time binding constants, stoichiometric coefficients and thermodynamic parameters of LMT–dsDNA and LMT–ssDNA complexes were evaluated. The magnitude of changes in ∆ G°, ∆ H° and ∆ S° indicated that the binding process of LMT with DNA at pH 7.4 is more favorable and spontaneous than at pH 4.7 which provided the most stable complexes are formed at human blood pH.

Lomustine (LMT) is chemotherapeutic drug and it functions by interfering DNA in fast growing cells and preventing them from reproducing. The present work is focused on the interaction of LMT with single and double stranded DNA at different temperatures and at two physiological pH values i.e. 7.4 (human blood pH) and 4.7 (stomach pH). The binding interaction of LMT with DNA under simulated physiological conditions was examined employing cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) and various spectroscopic methods. The electrochemical results indicate that LMT gets intercalated between dsDNA bases and the strength of intercalation is independent on the ionic strength. The hyperchromic effect in absorption of LMT–dsDNA complex and the observed fluorescence quenching of dsDNA-ethidium bromide system by the anticancer drug LMT affirmed the intercalative mode of binding between LMT and dsDNA. Comparison of the mode of interaction of LMT with dsDNA and ssDNA was discussed. The corresponding heterogeneous rate constant (ks), the electron transfer coefficient (α) and surface concentration (Γ) were calculated for the free LMT and the bound LMT–DNA complex. At the same time binding constants, stoichiometric coefficients and thermodynamic parameters of LMT–dsDNA and LMT–ssDNA complexes were evaluated. The magnitude of changes in ∆ G°, ∆ H° and ∆ S° indicated that the binding process of LMT with DNA at pH 7.4 is more favorable and spontaneous than at pH 4.7 which provided the most stable complexes are formed at human blood pH.

The balance between free radicals and antioxidants is an important factor for maintaining health and slowing disease progression. The use of antioxidants, particularly natural antioxidants, has become an important strategy for dealing with this cause of widespread diseases. Natural antioxidants have been used as therapeutic tools against many diseases because they are safe, effective, and inexpensive and are among the most commonly used adjuvants in the treatment of several diseases. Camel whey protein (CWP) is considered a strong natural antioxidant because it decreases oxidative stress, enhances immune system function, and increases glutathione levels. The structure of CWP is very similar to that of other types of whey protein from different types of milk. CWP contains many components, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactalbumin, lactoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, and lysozyme, and is rich in immunoglobulins. However, in contrast to other WPs, CWP lacks β-lactoglobulin, the main cause of milk allergies in children. The components of CWP have many beneficial effects, including stimulation of both innate and adaptive immunity and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Recently, it has been shown that CWP and its unique components can facilitate the treatment of impaired diabetic wound healing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of CWP in human and other animal disorders are not fully understood. Therefore, the current review presents a concise summary of the scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of CWP to support its therapeutic use in disease treatment and nutritional intervention.

The balance between free radicals and antioxidants is an important factor for maintaining health and slowing disease progression. The use of antioxidants, particularly natural antioxidants, has become an important strategy for dealing with this cause of widespread diseases. Natural antioxidants have been used as therapeutic tools against many diseases because they are safe, effective, and inexpensive and are among the most commonly used adjuvants in the treatment of several diseases. Camel whey protein (CWP) is considered a strong natural antioxidant because it decreases oxidative stress, enhances immune system function, and increases glutathione levels. The structure of CWP is very similar to that of other types of whey protein from different types of milk. CWP contains many components, such as lactoferrin (LF), lactalbumin, lactoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, and lysozyme, and is rich in immunoglobulins. However, in contrast to other WPs, CWP lacks β-lactoglobulin, the main cause of milk allergies in children. The components of CWP have many beneficial effects, including stimulation of both innate and adaptive immunity and anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. Recently, it has been shown that CWP and its unique components can facilitate the treatment of impaired diabetic wound healing. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of CWP in human and other animal disorders are not fully understood. Therefore, the current review presents a concise summary of the scientific evidence of the beneficial effects of CWP to support its therapeutic use in disease treatment and nutritional intervention.