This study was aimed to investigate the feasibility of bio- ethanol production by batch fermentation of kareish cheese whey. Two forms of whey; untreated (crude) whey containing 5% lactose and treated whey (deproteinized and concentrated to 14% lactose) were utilized. Fermentation processes were performed by two strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus and four strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which were previously recognized as ethanol- producing strains. Effects of different initial pH values, as well as, external supplementation of treated whey by four different nitrogen sources on the rate of ethanol production by two of the highest producing strains were also investigated. All the studied yeast strains were able to grow and produce ethanol from both crude and treated whey. Levels of ethanol production ranged between 3.4- 18.5g/l and 24.11-57.66 g/l from crude and treated whey, respectively. The most suitable initial pH maximizing ethanol yield was 5.5 and the best added nitrogen source was yeast extract. Maximum ethanol levels produced by K. marxianus ZMS3GU133329 and S.cerevisiae EC1118 from treated whey adjusted to pH 5.5 and supplemented by 0.3% yeast extract reached to 69.85 and 65.36 g/L, corresponding to 97.8 and 91.4% of the theoretical values, respectively. The kinetic parameters and productivity were calculated and discussed for all experiments.

Six high ethanol producer yeast strains (two strains of Kluyveromyces marixianus and four of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were utilized to produce ethanol from treated and non-treated Egyptian sugar cane molasses with gravity (10, 15, 20, 30 & 33.3% sugar). The treated molasses was obtained by heating diluted molasses up to 90ºC and adjusting its pH to 4.5. All yeast strains used produced higher ethanol yield from non-treated molasses with 10% sugar than that obtained from the treated one with the same sugar concentration. On the other hand, treated molasses yielded better ethanol concentration than that gained from non-treated molasses with 15 – 25% sugar. Maximum ethanol production (125.89% g/l) was noticed with fermentation efficiency of 99.97% using S. cerevisiae EC1118 strain on 25% sugar treated molasses at 35ºC. The same strain gave low levels of ethanol when the sugar concentration of the treated molasses was either 30 or 33.3% at both fermentation temperatures used (35º and 40ºC). The kinetic parameters and productivity were calculated and discussed for all treatments.

Six high ethanol producer yeast strains (two strains of Kluyveromyces marixianus and four of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were utilized to produce ethanol from treated and non-treated Egyptian sugar cane molasses with gravity (10, 15, 20, 30 & 33.3% sugar). The treated molasses was obtained by heating diluted molasses up to 90ºC and adjusting its pH to 4.5. All yeast strains used produced higher ethanol yield from non-treated molasses with 10% sugar than that obtained from the treated one with the same sugar concentration. On the other hand, treated molasses yielded better ethanol concentration than that gained from non-treated molasses with 15 – 25% sugar. Maximum ethanol production (125.89% g/l) was noticed with fermentation efficiency of 99.97% using S. cerevisiae EC1118 strain on 25% sugar treated molasses at 35ºC. The same strain gave low levels of ethanol when the sugar concentration of the treated molasses was either 30 or 33.3% at both fermentation temperatures used (35º and 40ºC). The kinetic parameters and productivity were calculated and discussed for all treatments.

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This survey was designed to study the diversity and occurrence of rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungi in the protectorate of Assiut in Egypt, followed by testing the ability of the most common isolated fungal strains to produce mycotoxins. Not many mycological studies have been carried out to describe the fungal fl ora of this area, which will be of great signifi cance for the endemic mycobiota. Rhizosphere and rhizoplane samples were collected from the protectorate of Assiut, which represents one of the largest distinctive regions of newly reclaimed soil at the Assiut Governorate. The identifi cation of the isolated fungi during our investigation was carried out using the morphological and microscopic features according to many references and confi rmed by the Assiut University Mycology Center ( AUMC). The most common four fungal species were examined for their capability to produce mycotoxins; in addition, chemical confi rmatory tests for mycotoxins were examined.

This survey was designed to study the diversity and occurrence of rhizosphere and rhizoplane fungi in the protectorate of Assiut in Egypt, followed by testing the ability of the most common isolated fungal strains to produce mycotoxins. Not many mycological studies have been carried out to describe the fungal fl ora of this area, which will be of great signifi cance for the endemic mycobiota. Rhizosphere and rhizoplane samples were collected from the protectorate of Assiut, which represents one of the largest distinctive regions of newly reclaimed soil at the Assiut Governorate. The identifi cation of the isolated fungi during our investigation was carried out using the morphological and microscopic features according to many references and confi rmed by the Assiut University Mycology Center ( AUMC). The most common four fungal species were examined for their capability to produce mycotoxins; in addition, chemical confi rmatory tests for mycotoxins were examined.

The objective of this survey was to study the diversity of soil fungi, as they play an important role in knowing the soil quality and increase plant productivity. In this work, the chemical composition of soil samples in newly reclaimed localities at Assiut Governorate was studied; mycobiota of those areas were studied reporting some medically important substances produced by three fungal species, namely Aspergillus terreus, Emericella nidulans, and Penicillium chrysogenum, which recorded the highest occurrence all over the year in different studied areas. Soil samples were collected monthly for a whole year from the four selected reclaimed regions at Assiut Governorate, namely Protectorate of Assiut (PR), El-Ghorayeb (GH), El-Wady El-Assiuty (WA), and Petroleum’s Farm (PF), and samples were identifi ed using the morphological and microscopic features according to many references and confi rmed by Assiut University Mycological Center (AUMC) followed by physiochemical analysis of soil, including measuring total soluble salts and determining the organic matter content, maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, and soil texture. The highest numbers of fungal genera and species were recorded in PR followed by WA and PF, whereas the lowest numbers were recorded in GH. E. nidulans var. acristata and Penicillium funiculosum were isolated with moderate frequency from GH; Aspergillus aegyptiacus and Aspergillus ustus were isolated with moderate frequency from WA; A. aegyptiacus, Eurotium amstelodami, and Fusarium solani were isolated with moderate frequency from PF; Eurotium repens was isolated only from GH; Arthrinium sacchari, Cochliobolus sativus, and Fusarium xylarioides were isolated only from WA; Aspergillus defl ectus, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus arrhizus were isolated only from PF; Aspergillus niger, Fusarilla indica, Fusarium semitectum, and Trimmatostroma eriodictyonis were isolated only from PR. There are no adequate mycological studies carried out to describe the fungal fl ora of these areas. Hence, any information on the endemic mycobiota is of great signifi cance.

The objective of this survey was to study the diversity of soil fungi, as they play an important role in knowing the soil quality and increase plant productivity. In this work, the chemical composition of soil samples in newly reclaimed localities at Assiut Governorate was studied; mycobiota of those areas were studied reporting some medically important substances produced by three fungal species, namely Aspergillus terreus, Emericella nidulans, and Penicillium chrysogenum, which recorded the highest occurrence all over the year in different studied areas. Soil samples were collected monthly for a whole year from the four selected reclaimed regions at Assiut Governorate, namely Protectorate of Assiut (PR), El-Ghorayeb (GH), El-Wady El-Assiuty (WA), and Petroleum’s Farm (PF), and samples were identifi ed using the morphological and microscopic features according to many references and confi rmed by Assiut University Mycological Center (AUMC) followed by physiochemical analysis of soil, including measuring total soluble salts and determining the organic matter content, maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, and soil texture. The highest numbers of fungal genera and species were recorded in PR followed by WA and PF, whereas the lowest numbers were recorded in GH. E. nidulans var. acristata and Penicillium funiculosum were isolated with moderate frequency from GH; Aspergillus aegyptiacus and Aspergillus ustus were isolated with moderate frequency from WA; A. aegyptiacus, Eurotium amstelodami, and Fusarium solani were isolated with moderate frequency from PF; Eurotium repens was isolated only from GH; Arthrinium sacchari, Cochliobolus sativus, and Fusarium xylarioides were isolated only from WA; Aspergillus defl ectus, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus arrhizus were isolated only from PF; Aspergillus niger, Fusarilla indica, Fusarium semitectum, and Trimmatostroma eriodictyonis were isolated only from PR. There are no adequate mycological studies carried out to describe the fungal fl ora of these areas. Hence, any information on the endemic mycobiota is of great signifi cance.

A total of 278 different isolates of filamentous fungi were screened using synthetic medium for respective ability to produce kojic acid. Nineteen, six, and five isolates proved to be low, moderate, and high kojic acid producers, respectively. Levels of kojic acid produced were generally increased when shaking cultivation was used rather than those obtained using static cultivation. A trial for the utilization of 15 agro-industrial wastes or by-products for kojic acid production by the five selected higher kojic acid producer isolates wasmade. The best by-product medium recorded wasmolasses for kojic acid. A. flavus numbers 7 and 24 were able to grow and produce kojic acid on only 12 out of 15 wastes or by-products media. The best medium used for kojic acid production by A. flavus number 7was rice fragments followed bymolasses,while the best medium used for kojic acid production by A. flavus number 24 was the molasses followed by orange, pea, and rice fragments. An attempt for production of kojic acid using a 1.5 L laboratory fermentor has been made. Aspergillus flavus number 7 was used and grown on molasses medium; maximumlevel (53.5 g/L) of kojic acid was obtained after eight days of incubation.