A series of novel 6-functionalized-5-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-furo [3,2-e]pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazines (4a–c) was synthesized by the reaction of 3-methyl-6-oxo-1-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5- carbonitrile (2) with α-halocarbonyl compounds such as: diethyl 2-bromomalonate, phenacyl bromide and chloroacetone. Cyclocondensation of the amino benzoyl 4b with diethyl malonate yielded the oxopyridine carboxylate derivative 5. Also, the starting intermediate amino ester compound 4a was allowed to react with ethanol amine to afford the hydroxyethyl caboxamide derivative 6. Furthermore, hydrazinolysis of the amino ester 4a afforded the corresponding amino carbohydrazide 7 which was used as a versatile precursor for synthesis of other heterocyclic compounds attached or fused to the furopyrazolopyrazine moiety. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of elemental and spectral analyses containing FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry hoping these molecules should allow us to investigate their pharmacological activities in the future study.

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A cluster of non-collapsed nanowires, a template to produce the same, methods to obtain the template and to obtain the cluster by using the template, and devices having the cluster. The cluster and the template both have an interconnected region and an interconnection-free region.

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by electrochemical deposition (ECD) technique. The ECD was carried out at a constant potential over a range of deposition times. The current-time response was recorded and discussed. The crystal structure and morphologies of the films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Furthermore, photocatalytic performance of methylene blue using ZnO was investigated at various quantity of ZnO and irradiation time. The photocatalysis results showed the dependence of photodegradation process on the quantity of catalyst and irradiation time. Moreover, the degradation rate constant and adsorption equilibrium constant were calculated. Our analyses indicate that quantity of catalyst affects the degradation rate constant and the efficiency, while the adsorption equilibrium constant does not.

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by electrochemical deposition (ECD) technique. The ECD was carried out at a constant potential over a range of deposition times. The current-time response was recorded and discussed. The crystal structure and morphologies of the films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Furthermore, photocatalytic performance of methylene blue using ZnO was investigated at various quantity of ZnO and irradiation time. The photocatalysis results showed the dependence of photodegradation process on the quantity of catalyst and irradiation time. Moreover, the degradation rate constant and adsorption equilibrium constant were calculated. Our analyses indicate that quantity of catalyst affects the degradation rate constant and the efficiency, while the adsorption equilibrium constant does not.

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by electrochemical deposition (ECD) technique. The ECD was carried out at a constant potential over a range of deposition times. The current-time response was recorded and discussed. The crystal structure and morphologies of the films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Furthermore, photocatalytic performance of methylene blue using ZnO was investigated at various quantity of ZnO and irradiation time. The photocatalysis results showed the dependence of photodegradation process on the quantity of catalyst and irradiation time. Moreover, the degradation rate constant and adsorption equilibrium constant were calculated. Our analyses indicate that quantity of catalyst affects the degradation rate constant and the efficiency, while the adsorption equilibrium constant does not.

In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited on Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by electrochemical deposition (ECD) technique. The ECD was carried out at a constant potential over a range of deposition times. The current-time response was recorded and discussed. The crystal structure and morphologies of the films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Furthermore, photocatalytic performance of methylene blue using ZnO was investigated at various quantity of ZnO and irradiation time. The photocatalysis results showed the dependence of photodegradation process on the quantity of catalyst and irradiation time. Moreover, the degradation rate constant and adsorption equilibrium constant were calculated. Our analyses indicate that quantity of catalyst affects the degradation rate constant and the efficiency, while the adsorption equilibrium constant does not.

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