The Campanian-Eocene succession in Gabal Oweina area, Upper Egypt, covering six rock units (Quseir, Duwi, Dakhla, Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations) was revised. The sedimentological and biostratigraphical detailed studies of the succession helped in reaching a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic classification that led to the recognition of five third-order depositional sequences and their associated surfaces and systems tracts. Also, the paleobathymetry deduced from the identified benthonic faunal assemblages, helped in giving some details about the characteristics and paleoenvironments of the identified sequences. The Campanian depositional sequence Dw/DkSQ1, includes both the Duwi and the lower part of the Dakhla formations, was laid down in a sea oscillating between inner to middle neritic depths, on shallow subtidal shelf, followed by a shallow inner neritic depths, on lagoonal environment. The Maastrichtian depositional sequence DkSQ2 encompass the middle part of the Dakhla Formation and was laid down in a relatively outer neritic to upper bathyal depths, on deep subtidal shelf, followed by inner neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf at the end of the sequence marked by an intraformational conglomerate bed. The Danian depositional sequence DkSQ3 covers the upper part of the Dakhla Formation and started by a latest Maastrichtian- earliest Danian hiatus. It accumulated in gradually deepening waters reaching upper bathyal depths, on deep subtidal shelf, followed by middle neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf. The Selandian-Thanetian depositional sequence Dk/T/EsSQ4 comprises the uppermost part of the Dakhla, Tarawan and the lower part of the Esna formations and began by Danian-Selandian hiatus. It accumulated in oscillating conditions between upper bathyal depths, on a deep subtidal shelf to middle neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf. The Ypresian depositional sequence EsSQ5 consists of the main parts of the Esna Formation and initiated by Paleocene/Eocene hiatus. It was laid down in a gradually deepening sea reaching the deep upper bathyal depths on a deep subtidal shelf, before reaching shallow middle neritic depths on a shallow subtidal shelf. Four of the recognized five sequence boundaries (SB1, SB3, SB4 and SB5) coincide with global sea-level falls, while the other one (SB2) is related to a local tectonic in the studied area.

The Campanian-Eocene succession in Gabal Oweina area, Upper Egypt, covering six rock units (Quseir, Duwi, Dakhla, Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations) was revised. The sedimentological and biostratigraphical detailed studies of the succession helped in reaching a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic classification that led to the recognition of five third-order depositional sequences and their associated surfaces and systems tracts. Also, the paleobathymetry deduced from the identified benthonic faunal assemblages, helped in giving some details about the characteristics and paleoenvironments of the identified sequences. The Campanian depositional sequence Dw/DkSQ1, includes both the Duwi and the lower part of the Dakhla formations, was laid down in a sea oscillating between inner to middle neritic depths, on shallow subtidal shelf, followed by a shallow inner neritic depths, on lagoonal environment. The Maastrichtian depositional sequence DkSQ2 encompass the middle part of the Dakhla Formation and was laid down in a relatively outer neritic to upper bathyal depths, on deep subtidal shelf, followed by inner neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf at the end of the sequence marked by an intraformational conglomerate bed. The Danian depositional sequence DkSQ3 covers the upper part of the Dakhla Formation and started by a latest Maastrichtian- earliest Danian hiatus. It accumulated in gradually deepening waters reaching upper bathyal depths, on deep subtidal shelf, followed by middle neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf. The Selandian-Thanetian depositional sequence Dk/T/EsSQ4 comprises the uppermost part of the Dakhla, Tarawan and the lower part of the Esna formations and began by Danian-Selandian hiatus. It accumulated in oscillating conditions between upper bathyal depths, on a deep subtidal shelf to middle neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf. The Ypresian depositional sequence EsSQ5 consists of the main parts of the Esna Formation and initiated by Paleocene/Eocene hiatus. It was laid down in a gradually deepening sea reaching the deep upper bathyal depths on a deep subtidal shelf, before reaching shallow middle neritic depths on a shallow subtidal shelf. Four of the recognized five sequence boundaries (SB1, SB3, SB4 and SB5) coincide with global sea-level falls, while the other one (SB2) is related to a local tectonic in the studied area.

The Campanian-Eocene succession in Gabal Oweina area, Upper Egypt, covering six rock units (Quseir, Duwi, Dakhla, Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations) was revised. The sedimentological and biostratigraphical detailed studies of the succession helped in reaching a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic classification that led to the recognition of five third-order depositional sequences and their associated surfaces and systems tracts. Also, the paleobathymetry deduced from the identified benthonic faunal assemblages, helped in giving some details about the characteristics and paleoenvironments of the identified sequences. The Campanian depositional sequence Dw/DkSQ1, includes both the Duwi and the lower part of the Dakhla formations, was laid down in a sea oscillating between inner to middle neritic depths, on shallow subtidal shelf, followed by a shallow inner neritic depths, on lagoonal environment. The Maastrichtian depositional sequence DkSQ2 encompass the middle part of the Dakhla Formation and was laid down in a relatively outer neritic to upper bathyal depths, on deep subtidal shelf, followed by inner neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf at the end of the sequence marked by an intraformational conglomerate bed. The Danian depositional sequence DkSQ3 covers the upper part of the Dakhla Formation and started by a latest Maastrichtian- earliest Danian hiatus. It accumulated in gradually deepening waters reaching upper bathyal depths, on deep subtidal shelf, followed by middle neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf. The Selandian-Thanetian depositional sequence Dk/T/EsSQ4 comprises the uppermost part of the Dakhla, Tarawan and the lower part of the Esna formations and began by Danian-Selandian hiatus. It accumulated in oscillating conditions between upper bathyal depths, on a deep subtidal shelf to middle neritic depths, on a shallow subtidal shelf. The Ypresian depositional sequence EsSQ5 consists of the main parts of the Esna Formation and initiated by Paleocene/Eocene hiatus. It was laid down in a gradually deepening sea reaching the deep upper bathyal depths on a deep subtidal shelf, before reaching shallow middle neritic depths on a shallow subtidal shelf. Four of the recognized five sequence boundaries (SB1, SB3, SB4 and SB5) coincide with global sea-level falls, while the other one (SB2) is related to a local tectonic in the studied area.

Detail field, litho- and bio-stratigraphic studies on the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene rocks exposed in the Eastern Desert of Egypt have provided an opportunity to evaluate the stratigraphy and the geological evolution of the sedimentary basin. Lithostratigraphically, seven rock units; Quseir, Duwi, Sudr, Dakhla, Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations, are considered after amending and dropping various used rock units names. Rakhiyat Formation in the north is changed and amended into Quseir Formation which has been used and consolidated in all sectors. Duwi Formation in the south is time-equivalent to the lower part of Sudr Formation in the north. Sharawna Member at Gabal Oweina and Hamama Member at Gabal Qreiya in the south (previously related to Dakhla Formation) are changed and amended into Sudr Formation which extends laterally as a tongue toward the south due to the marine transgression during the Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian age. Similarly, Owaina Member at Gabal Oweina and Beida Member at Gabal Qreiya in the south are changed and amended into Dakhla Formation. Upward Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations are resting on the Dakhla Formation all over the study area. Biostratigraphically, the studied successions are subdivided into 23 planktonic foraminiferal zones covering the interval from Campanian to Ypresian age. Sedimentation processes of the studied sections are interrupted by several synsedimentary tectonic episodes related to the collision between African/Arabian and Eurasia plates during the closure of Tethys Ocean. The relative sealevel in the study area and global eustatic one together with the synsedimentary tectonic episodes is associated together.

Detail field, litho- and bio-stratigraphic studies on the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene rocks exposed in the Eastern Desert of Egypt have provided an opportunity to evaluate the stratigraphy and the geological evolution of the sedimentary basin. Lithostratigraphically, seven rock units; Quseir, Duwi, Sudr, Dakhla, Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations, are considered after amending and dropping various used rock units names. Rakhiyat Formation in the north is changed and amended into Quseir Formation which has been used and consolidated in all sectors. Duwi Formation in the south is time-equivalent to the lower part of Sudr Formation in the north. Sharawna Member at Gabal Oweina and Hamama Member at Gabal Qreiya in the south (previously related to Dakhla Formation) are changed and amended into Sudr Formation which extends laterally as a tongue toward the south due to the marine transgression during the Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian age. Similarly, Owaina Member at Gabal Oweina and Beida Member at Gabal Qreiya in the south are changed and amended into Dakhla Formation. Upward Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations are resting on the Dakhla Formation all over the study area. Biostratigraphically, the studied successions are subdivided into 23 planktonic foraminiferal zones covering the interval from Campanian to Ypresian age. Sedimentation processes of the studied sections are interrupted by several synsedimentary tectonic episodes related to the collision between African/Arabian and Eurasia plates during the closure of Tethys Ocean. The relative sealevel in the study area and global eustatic one together with the synsedimentary tectonic episodes is associated together.

Detail field, litho- and bio-stratigraphic studies on the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene rocks exposed in the Eastern Desert of Egypt have provided an opportunity to evaluate the stratigraphy and the geological evolution of the sedimentary basin. Lithostratigraphically, seven rock units; Quseir, Duwi, Sudr, Dakhla, Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations, are considered after amending and dropping various used rock units names. Rakhiyat Formation in the north is changed and amended into Quseir Formation which has been used and consolidated in all sectors. Duwi Formation in the south is time-equivalent to the lower part of Sudr Formation in the north. Sharawna Member at Gabal Oweina and Hamama Member at Gabal Qreiya in the south (previously related to Dakhla Formation) are changed and amended into Sudr Formation which extends laterally as a tongue toward the south due to the marine transgression during the Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian age. Similarly, Owaina Member at Gabal Oweina and Beida Member at Gabal Qreiya in the south are changed and amended into Dakhla Formation. Upward Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations are resting on the Dakhla Formation all over the study area. Biostratigraphically, the studied successions are subdivided into 23 planktonic foraminiferal zones covering the interval from Campanian to Ypresian age. Sedimentation processes of the studied sections are interrupted by several synsedimentary tectonic episodes related to the collision between African/Arabian and Eurasia plates during the closure of Tethys Ocean. The relative sealevel in the study area and global eustatic one together with the synsedimentary tectonic episodes is associated together.

The present study depends on qualitative and quantitative analyses for the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene benthonic foraminifera at Darb Gaga area, Baris Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt. The study Late Paleocene-Early Eocene succession consists of two rock units; Esna Formation at base and Thebes Formation (lowermost part) at top. Esna Formation is subdivided into four members stratigraphically arranged as follow: El Hanadi, Dababiya Quarry, Darb Gaga and Abu Had. Dababiya Quarry Member (marker of the P/E boundary) is characterized by the occurrence of glauconitic grains at the base confirming a minor hiatus at the P/E boundary. This hiatus led to the missing of the beds no. 1 & 2 of the five beds (lowermost part) of Dababiya Quarry Member. Four benthonic foraminiferal events are defined during the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene interval. The first one is global event at the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundary, and the remainder events are local and define during the Ypresian (Early Eocene). The first event is characterized by a rapid extinction and abrupt faunal changes for the benthonic foraminiferal assemblages. This event led to the extinction of about 80% of the Paleocene foraminiferal taxa. About 72% of these taxa are temporarily extinct and reappeared soon. This event is characterized by carbonate dissolution which suggesting oxygen deficiency of oceanic bottom waters and food supply changes. Afterwards, a recovery phase of the benthonic foraminifers is directly recorded above this event and probably due to improved depositional environmental conditions. Quantitative analyses of benthonic foraminiferal assemblages at Darb Gaga section, suggest an outer shelf paleoenvironmental setting during the deposition of El Hanadi, Dababiya Quarry and Darb Gaga sediments that changes to inner-middle shelf during the deposition of Abu Had Member and inner shelf of Thebes Formation. This succession is subdivided into four depositional sequences which are bracketed by unconformities and their correlative conformities depending on integrated field investigations, lithofacies and biofacies data. These sequences are controlled by sea-level changes and/or tectonic activities that prevailed during the deposition.

The P/E boundary is studied at eight stratigraphic sections in Sinai, Egypt, which are nearly distributed in a stratigraphic profile from north to south as follows: Al-Hasanah, Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr, Al-Thamad, Abu Qada, Wadi Matulla, Wadi Nukhul and Wadi Feiran. This study includes field, litho- and biostratigraphic analyses that enabled to delineate several hiatuses which may be due to the occurrence of tectonic activity that may be related to the echo of the Syrian Arc Orogeny at the P/E boundary. Generally, in Egypt the P/E boundary is marked by the occurrence of distinctive five beds, named by El Dababiya Quarry Member. At Wadi Nukhul, Wadi Matulla and Wadi Feiran sections, El Dababiya Quarry Member is well represented and the P/E boundary is conformable and resembles the GSSP section. Although El Dababiya Quarry Member is represented at Al-Hasanah section, the P/E boundary is marked by the occurrence of a minor hiatus at the end of Paleocene. Moreover, at Al Thamad section, El Dababiya Quarry Member is partially represented. On the other hand, at Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr and Abu Qada sections, El Dababiya Quarry Member is completely absent due to a major hiatus

The P/E boundary is studied at eight stratigraphic sections in Sinai, Egypt, which are nearly distributed in a stratigraphic profile from north to south as follows: Al-Hasanah, Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr, Al-Thamad, Abu Qada, Wadi Matulla, Wadi Nukhul and Wadi Feiran. This study includes field, litho- and biostratigraphic analyses that enabled to delineate several hiatuses which may be due to the occurrence of tectonic activity that may be related to the echo of the Syrian Arc Orogeny at the P/E boundary. Generally, in Egypt the P/E boundary is marked by the occurrence of distinctive five beds, named by El Dababiya Quarry Member. At Wadi Nukhul, Wadi Matulla and Wadi Feiran sections, El Dababiya Quarry Member is well represented and the P/E boundary is conformable and resembles the GSSP section. Although El Dababiya Quarry Member is represented at Al-Hasanah section, the P/E boundary is marked by the occurrence of a minor hiatus at the end of Paleocene. Moreover, at Al Thamad section, El Dababiya Quarry Member is partially represented. On the other hand, at Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr and Abu Qada sections, El Dababiya Quarry Member is completely absent due to a major hiatus

The kinetics and mechanism of permanganate oxidation of pyruvic acid in aqueous perchlorate at a constant ionic strength of 2.0 mol dm−3 have been investigated spectrophotometrically. The pseudo-first-order plots showed two distinct phases for the reaction, characterized as induction and auto-acceleration periods. The induction phase is relatively slow at the early stages of reaction and is followed by a faster process. The rate law for the oxidation was described by the sum of two exponential terms. The oxidation showed overall second-order kinetics with respect to the reactants in the initial slow phase. However, second-order kinetics was not maintained throughout the faster second stage. The effects of added salts lead to the conclusion that Mn(III) and/or Mn(IV) play the main role in the reaction kinetics of the second stage. A reaction mechanism consistent with the kinetic results is suggested and discussed.