A palynofacies analysis was carried out on thirty ditch-cuttings from the Upper Cretaceous sequences drilled by the Salam-60 well in the ShushanBasin, north-western Egypt. Quantitative vertical distributions of palynomorphs and particulate organic matter exhibit two palynofacies (PF) types.PF-1 suggests deposition of the clastic-carbonate section of upper Bahariya and the lowermost “G” Member of Abu Roash in a brackish, proximalinner shelf environment of prevailing reducing (suboxic-anoxic) conditions that witnessed occasional local oxic-dysoxic conditions. A slight shiftfrom a proximal to a distal inner shelf environment that witnessed notable fluctuations resulted in deposition of the mainly carbonate section of theuppermost “G” and “F” to “C” members, during a late Cenomanian-Turonian marine transgression, under the same suboxic-anoxic conditions. Thisrelative sea level rise was mostly connected to the global late Cenomanian marine transgression. PF-2 represents the rest of the carbonate section(“B” and “A” members) of Abu Roash and Khoman formations, which was deposited in middle shelf environments of prominent suboxic-anoxicconditions during a major regional marine transgression that was mostly connected to the global Turonian-Maastrichtian eustatic sea level rise.Nevertheless, minor fluctuations in the local Turonian sea level may have occurred. Regional comparison indicates Bahariya and the “G” Memberof Abu Roash formations have similar marginal to inner shelf depositional settings across most of the northern Western Desert. Except at westernMatruh Basin, where they have a deeper open marine, middle shelf setting. The “F” to “C” members have an outer inner shelf setting in the coastalbasins (Shushan and Matruh basins) and a deeper, inner middle shelf setting at the central basinal area (Abu Gharadig Basin). This interbasinaldifference in their depositional settings is mostly related to the late Cretaceous tectonic differentiation of Abu Gharadig Basin. The “B” and “A”members of Abu Roash and Khoman formations were deposited in central Abu Gharadig and at southern Matruh basins in deeper, outer shelf andupper to middle slope settings in comparison to their suggested inner middle and outer middle shelf settings in Shushan Basin. This was due tothe progressive late Cretaceous tectonic development of Abu Gharadig and Matruh basins. Local pteridophytes on wet lowlands and conifers onelevated hinterlands were growing near Salam-60 under a regional warm and relatively dry palaeoclimate.© 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Anodization of metal oxides such as those of Al, Ti, and W among others have been extensively studied largely because of their unique morphology and extensive applications including gas and bio-sensing. While large volumes of published materials are available on the oxide of each metal, a concise review of previous works on these anodic oxides is timely. Herein, we present an overview of the formation process and applications (with emphasis to gas and bio-sensing) of anodic metal oxides that have been extensively researched. While porous and nonporous metal oxides have been produced and applied, the former has been given much attention as it provides more reactive surface area making it sine-qua-non in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The large effective surface area enables their applications as templates for the fabrication of periodic arrays of nanostructures, e.g. nanowires, nanodots, and nanotubes for various sensing technologies. Porous structures with different shape and size can be obtained by modulating the anodization conditions such as current, time, voltage, purity of metal, doping element, type and concentration of the electrolyte, electrolyte temperature and the pre-treatment of the metal substrate. The fabrication procedure, characterization and applications of each anodic metal oxide are presented in this review.

Anodization of metal oxides such as those of Al, Ti, and W among others have been extensively studied largely because of their unique morphology and extensive applications including gas and bio-sensing. While large volumes of published materials are available on the oxide of each metal, a concise review of previous works on these anodic oxides is timely. Herein, we present an overview of the formation process and applications (with emphasis to gas and bio-sensing) of anodic metal oxides that have been extensively researched. While porous and nonporous metal oxides have been produced and applied, the former has been given much attention as it provides more reactive surface area making it sine-qua-non in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The large effective surface area enables their applications as templates for the fabrication of periodic arrays of nanostructures, e.g. nanowires, nanodots, and nanotubes for various sensing technologies. Porous structures with different shape and size can be obtained by modulating the anodization conditions such as current, time, voltage, purity of metal, doping element, type and concentration of the electrolyte, electrolyte temperature and the pre-treatment of the metal substrate. The fabrication procedure, characterization and applications of each anodic metal oxide are presented in this review.

Anodization of metal oxides such as those of Al, Ti, and W among others have been extensively studied largely because of their unique morphology and extensive applications including gas and bio-sensing. While large volumes of published materials are available on the oxide of each metal, a concise review of previous works on these anodic oxides is timely. Herein, we present an overview of the formation process and applications (with emphasis to gas and bio-sensing) of anodic metal oxides that have been extensively researched. While porous and nonporous metal oxides have been produced and applied, the former has been given much attention as it provides more reactive surface area making it sine-qua-non in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The large effective surface area enables their applications as templates for the fabrication of periodic arrays of nanostructures, e.g. nanowires, nanodots, and nanotubes for various sensing technologies. Porous structures with different shape and size can be obtained by modulating the anodization conditions such as current, time, voltage, purity of metal, doping element, type and concentration of the electrolyte, electrolyte temperature and the pre-treatment of the metal substrate. The fabrication procedure, characterization and applications of each anodic metal oxide are presented in this review.

This work depends on integrated high-resolution calcareous plankton nannofossil and foraminiferal biostratigraphic analyses for three Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene successions at Farafra-Abu Minqar area, Western Desert, Egypt. These sections are distributed in a north-south geologic profile as follows: El Aqabat, North Gunna, and Abu Minqar. Lithostratigraphically, four formations are recorded in the study area, namely, Khoman (at base), Dakhla, Tarawan, and Esna (at top). In the north at El Aqabat section, Khoman Formation (carbonate facies) is only represented which changes partially toward the south to Dakhla Formation (siliciclastic facies). In the extreme south at Abu Minqar section, it changes completely into siliciclastic facies of Dakhla Formation. Biostratigraphically, seven calcareous nannofossil and eleven planktonic foraminiferal zones represent the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene are identified. Based on the occurrence or missing of these zones accompanied with the field criteria resulted in detecting four tectonic events. These tectonic events took place at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg), the Danian/Selandian (D/S), the Selandian/Thanetian (S/T), and the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundaries. These tectonic events are related to the impact of the Syrian Arc System. Four sequence boundaries (SB1, SB2, SB3, and SB4) are defined in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene sequence in the Farafra-Abu Minqar area.

This work depends on integrated high-resolution calcareous plankton nannofossil and foraminiferal biostratigraphic analyses for three Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene successions at Farafra-Abu Minqar area, Western Desert, Egypt. These sections are distributed in a north-south geologic profile as follows: El Aqabat, North Gunna, and Abu Minqar. Lithostratigraphically, four formations are recorded in the study area, namely, Khoman (at base), Dakhla, Tarawan, and Esna (at top). In the north at El Aqabat section, Khoman Formation (carbonate facies) is only represented which changes partially toward the south to Dakhla Formation (siliciclastic facies). In the extreme south at Abu Minqar section, it changes completely into siliciclastic facies of Dakhla Formation. Biostratigraphically, seven calcareous nannofossil and eleven planktonic foraminiferal zones represent the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene are identified. Based on the occurrence or missing of these zones accompanied with the field criteria resulted in detecting four tectonic events. These tectonic events took place at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg), the Danian/Selandian (D/S), the Selandian/Thanetian (S/T), and the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundaries. These tectonic events are related to the impact of the Syrian Arc System. Four sequence boundaries (SB1, SB2, SB3, and SB4) are defined in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene sequence in the Farafra-Abu Minqar area.

This work depends on integrated high-resolution calcareous plankton nannofossil and foraminiferal biostratigraphic analyses for three Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene successions at Farafra-Abu Minqar area, Western Desert, Egypt. These sections are distributed in a north-south geologic profile as follows: El Aqabat, North Gunna, and Abu Minqar. Lithostratigraphically, four formations are recorded in the study area, namely, Khoman (at base), Dakhla, Tarawan, and Esna (at top). In the north at El Aqabat section, Khoman Formation (carbonate facies) is only represented which changes partially toward the south to Dakhla Formation (siliciclastic facies). In the extreme south at Abu Minqar section, it changes completely into siliciclastic facies of Dakhla Formation. Biostratigraphically, seven calcareous nannofossil and eleven planktonic foraminiferal zones represent the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene are identified. Based on the occurrence or missing of these zones accompanied with the field criteria resulted in detecting four tectonic events. These tectonic events took place at the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg), the Danian/Selandian (D/S), the Selandian/Thanetian (S/T), and the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) boundaries. These tectonic events are related to the impact of the Syrian Arc System. Four sequence boundaries (SB1, SB2, SB3, and SB4) are defined in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene sequence in the Farafra-Abu Minqar area.

Integrated and comprehensive investigation of the upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene sequence in the range of sectors exposed in the Eastern Desert as a vertical succession, showed the possibility of better explained and linking the different exposed lithologic rock units, after the numerous names given to them when roughly described in a separated and isolated sections during individual researches and studies. Detail litho- and biostratigraphical studies on four Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene sections arranging in a geological profile from north to south (Wadi Tarfa, Timimit el Shifa, Gabal Qreiya and Gabal Oweina) between El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib Asphaltic Road and Sibaiya (north of Aswan) have been carried out. Lithostratigraphically, the Rakhiyat Formation in the north is time-equivalent to the Quseir Formation in the south. The Sudr Formation in the north is time-equivalents to the Duwi and the lower parts of the Dakhla (the Hamama Member at G. Qreiya and the Sharawna Member at G. Oweina) formations in the south. Here, the Hamama and the Sharawna members are amended as the Sudr Formation. The Beida member at Wadi Tarfa and G. Qreiya and the Owaina Member at G. Oweina are time-equivalent all over the study area. Hence, these members are amended as the originally known Dakhla Formation. Upward The Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations are resting on the Dakhla Formation all over the study area. A significant variant in the thickness of the Tarawan and Esna formations at different localities are observed. Biostratigraphically, the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene successions are subdivided into 25 planktonic foraminiferal zones. These zones covered the interval from Campanian to Ypresian. Some of these zones are absent in the studied sections. The integrated litho- and bio-stratigraphical investigations are led to delineate five syn-sedimentary tectonic events affected on the evolution of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene sedimentary basins. These events are; (I) the Pre-Campanian/Campanian event(PC/C), (II) the Campanian/Maastrichtian (C/M) event, (III) the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) event, (IV) the Danain/Selandian (D/S) event, and (V) the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) event.

Integrated and comprehensive investigation of the upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene sequence in the range of sectors exposed in the Eastern Desert as a vertical succession, showed the possibility of better explained and linking the different exposed lithologic rock units, after the numerous names given to them when roughly described in a separated and isolated sections during individual researches and studies. Detail litho- and biostratigraphical studies on four Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene sections arranging in a geological profile from north to south (Wadi Tarfa, Timimit el Shifa, Gabal Qreiya and Gabal Oweina) between El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib Asphaltic Road and Sibaiya (north of Aswan) have been carried out. Lithostratigraphically, the Rakhiyat Formation in the north is time-equivalent to the Quseir Formation in the south. The Sudr Formation in the north is time-equivalents to the Duwi and the lower parts of the Dakhla (the Hamama Member at G. Qreiya and the Sharawna Member at G. Oweina) formations in the south. Here, the Hamama and the Sharawna members are amended as the Sudr Formation. The Beida member at Wadi Tarfa and G. Qreiya and the Owaina Member at G. Oweina are time-equivalent all over the study area. Hence, these members are amended as the originally known Dakhla Formation. Upward The Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations are resting on the Dakhla Formation all over the study area. A significant variant in the thickness of the Tarawan and Esna formations at different localities are observed. Biostratigraphically, the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene successions are subdivided into 25 planktonic foraminiferal zones. These zones covered the interval from Campanian to Ypresian. Some of these zones are absent in the studied sections. The integrated litho- and bio-stratigraphical investigations are led to delineate five syn-sedimentary tectonic events affected on the evolution of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene sedimentary basins. These events are; (I) the Pre-Campanian/Campanian event(PC/C), (II) the Campanian/Maastrichtian (C/M) event, (III) the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) event, (IV) the Danain/Selandian (D/S) event, and (V) the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) event.

Integrated and comprehensive investigation of the upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene sequence in the range of sectors exposed in the Eastern Desert as a vertical succession, showed the possibility of better explained and linking the different exposed lithologic rock units, after the numerous names given to them when roughly described in a separated and isolated sections during individual researches and studies. Detail litho- and biostratigraphical studies on four Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene sections arranging in a geological profile from north to south (Wadi Tarfa, Timimit el Shifa, Gabal Qreiya and Gabal Oweina) between El Sheikh Fadl-Ras Gharib Asphaltic Road and Sibaiya (north of Aswan) have been carried out. Lithostratigraphically, the Rakhiyat Formation in the north is time-equivalent to the Quseir Formation in the south. The Sudr Formation in the north is time-equivalents to the Duwi and the lower parts of the Dakhla (the Hamama Member at G. Qreiya and the Sharawna Member at G. Oweina) formations in the south. Here, the Hamama and the Sharawna members are amended as the Sudr Formation. The Beida member at Wadi Tarfa and G. Qreiya and the Owaina Member at G. Oweina are time-equivalent all over the study area. Hence, these members are amended as the originally known Dakhla Formation. Upward The Tarawan, Esna and Thebes formations are resting on the Dakhla Formation all over the study area. A significant variant in the thickness of the Tarawan and Esna formations at different localities are observed. Biostratigraphically, the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene successions are subdivided into 25 planktonic foraminiferal zones. These zones covered the interval from Campanian to Ypresian. Some of these zones are absent in the studied sections. The integrated litho- and bio-stratigraphical investigations are led to delineate five syn-sedimentary tectonic events affected on the evolution of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Paleogene sedimentary basins. These events are; (I) the Pre-Campanian/Campanian event(PC/C), (II) the Campanian/Maastrichtian (C/M) event, (III) the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/P) event, (IV) the Danain/Selandian (D/S) event, and (V) the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) event.