The P/E boundary is studied at eight stratigraphic sections in Sinai, Egypt, which are nearly distributed in
a stratigraphic profile from north to south as follows: Al-Hasanah, Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr, Al-Thamad,
Abu Qada, Wadi Matulla, Wadi Nukhul and Wadi Feiran. This study includes field, litho- and biostratigraphic
analyses that enabled to delineate several hiatuses which may be due to the occurrence
of tectonic activity that may be related to the echo of the Syrian Arc Orogeny at the P/E boundary.
Generally, in Egypt the P/E boundary is marked by the occurrence of distinctive five beds, named by El
Dababiya Quarry Member. At Wadi Nukhul, Wadi Matulla and Wadi Feiran sections, El Dababiya Quarry
Member is well represented and the P/E boundary is conformable and resembles the GSSP section.
Although El Dababiya Quarry Member is represented at Al-Hasanah section, the P/E boundary is marked
by the occurrence of a minor hiatus at the end of Paleocene. Moreover, at Al Thamad section, El Dababiya
Quarry Member is partially represented. On the other hand, at Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr and Abu Qada
sections, El Dababiya Quarry Member is completely absent due to a major hiatus

The P/E boundary is studied at eight stratigraphic sections in Sinai, Egypt, which are nearly distributed in
a stratigraphic profile from north to south as follows: Al-Hasanah, Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr, Al-Thamad,
Abu Qada, Wadi Matulla, Wadi Nukhul and Wadi Feiran. This study includes field, litho- and biostratigraphic
analyses that enabled to delineate several hiatuses which may be due to the occurrence
of tectonic activity that may be related to the echo of the Syrian Arc Orogeny at the P/E boundary.
Generally, in Egypt the P/E boundary is marked by the occurrence of distinctive five beds, named by El
Dababiya Quarry Member. At Wadi Nukhul, Wadi Matulla and Wadi Feiran sections, El Dababiya Quarry
Member is well represented and the P/E boundary is conformable and resembles the GSSP section.
Although El Dababiya Quarry Member is represented at Al-Hasanah section, the P/E boundary is marked
by the occurrence of a minor hiatus at the end of Paleocene. Moreover, at Al Thamad section, El Dababiya
Quarry Member is partially represented. On the other hand, at Sudr Al-Hitan, Wadi Sudr and Abu Qada
sections, El Dababiya Quarry Member is completely absent due to a major hiatus

The kinetics and mechanism of permanganate oxidation of pyruvic acid in aqueous perchlorate at a constant ionic strength of
2.0 mol dm−3 have been investigated spectrophotometrically. The pseudo-first-order plots showed two distinct phases for the
reaction, characterized as induction and auto-acceleration periods. The induction phase is relatively slow at the early stages
of reaction and is followed by a faster process. The rate law for the oxidation was described by the sum of two exponential
terms. The oxidation showed overall second-order kinetics with respect to the reactants in the initial slow phase. However,
second-order kinetics was not maintained throughout the faster second stage. The effects of added salts lead to the conclusion
that Mn(III) and/or Mn(IV) play the main role in the reaction kinetics of the second stage. A reaction mechanism consistent
with the kinetic results is suggested and discussed.

The kinetics and mechanism of permanganate oxidation of pyruvic acid in aqueous perchlorate at a constant ionic strength of
2.0 mol dm−3 have been investigated spectrophotometrically. The pseudo-first-order plots showed two distinct phases for the
reaction, characterized as induction and auto-acceleration periods. The induction phase is relatively slow at the early stages
of reaction and is followed by a faster process. The rate law for the oxidation was described by the sum of two exponential
terms. The oxidation showed overall second-order kinetics with respect to the reactants in the initial slow phase. However,
second-order kinetics was not maintained throughout the faster second stage. The effects of added salts lead to the conclusion
that Mn(III) and/or Mn(IV) play the main role in the reaction kinetics of the second stage. A reaction mechanism consistent
with the kinetic results is suggested and discussed.

The kinetics and mechanism of reduction of hexacyanoferrate (III) by biodegradable chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS)
in alkaline solutions at a constant ionic strength of 1.0 mol dm−3 have been investigated spectrophotometrically.
The kinetic results indicated that the reaction was first-order dependence in the oxidant and fractional-order kinetics
with respect to the [CS]. The influence of the base on the oxidation rates indicates that the reaction was
base-catalyzed. A kinetic evidence for formation of 1:1 intermediate complexeswas revealed. The kinetic parameters
have been evaluated and a tentative reaction mechanismconsistentwith the kinetic results obtained is suggested
and discussed.

The kinetics and mechanism of reduction of hexacyanoferrate (III) by biodegradable chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS)
in alkaline solutions at a constant ionic strength of 1.0 mol dm−3 have been investigated spectrophotometrically.
The kinetic results indicated that the reaction was first-order dependence in the oxidant and fractional-order kinetics
with respect to the [CS]. The influence of the base on the oxidation rates indicates that the reaction was
base-catalyzed. A kinetic evidence for formation of 1:1 intermediate complexeswas revealed. The kinetic parameters
have been evaluated and a tentative reaction mechanismconsistentwith the kinetic results obtained is suggested
and discussed.

Corrosion inhibition of aluminum (Al) in hydrochloric acid by anionic polyelectrolyte chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS)
polysaccharide has been studied using both gasometrical and weight-loss techniques. The results drawn from
these two techniques are comparable and exhibit negligible differences. The inhibition efficiency was found to
increase with increasing the inhibitor concentration and decreased with increasing temperature. The inhibition
action of CS on Al metal surface was found to obey both of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The factors
affecting the corrosion rates such as the concentration and geometrical structure of the inhibitor, concentration
of the corrosive medium, and the temperature were examined. The kinetic parameters were evaluated and a
suitable corrosion mechanism consistent with the results obtained is discussed.

Corrosion inhibition of aluminum (Al) in hydrochloric acid by anionic polyelectrolyte chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS)
polysaccharide has been studied using both gasometrical and weight-loss techniques. The results drawn from
these two techniques are comparable and exhibit negligible differences. The inhibition efficiency was found to
increase with increasing the inhibitor concentration and decreased with increasing temperature. The inhibition
action of CS on Al metal surface was found to obey both of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The factors
affecting the corrosion rates such as the concentration and geometrical structure of the inhibitor, concentration
of the corrosive medium, and the temperature were examined. The kinetic parameters were evaluated and a
suitable corrosion mechanism consistent with the results obtained is discussed.

Corrosion inhibition of aluminum (Al) in hydrochloric acid by anionic polyelectrolyte chondroitin-4-sulfate (CS)
polysaccharide has been studied using both gasometrical and weight-loss techniques. The results drawn from
these two techniques are comparable and exhibit negligible differences. The inhibition efficiency was found to
increase with increasing the inhibitor concentration and decreased with increasing temperature. The inhibition
action of CS on Al metal surface was found to obey both of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The factors
affecting the corrosion rates such as the concentration and geometrical structure of the inhibitor, concentration
of the corrosive medium, and the temperature were examined. The kinetic parameters were evaluated and a
suitable corrosion mechanism consistent with the results obtained is discussed.

Acarinina sibaiyaensis is a very distinctive and short-lived planktonic foraminiferal taxon that is restricted to the
temporally short Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE) interval characteristic of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal
Maximum (PETM) event. It is confined to the planktonic foraminiferal Zone E1 which in southern Egypt corresponds
to the Dababiya Quarry Member (DQM). This member yields a complete record of the biotic changes
induced by the intense warming during the basal Eocene.
Although this distinctive taxon is widely distributed throughout the tropic to the temperate regions, its
morphologic changes and phylogenetic relations during the CIE/PETM interval have not yet been documented.
The present study discusses and documents the morphologic changes which affected the short-lived Ac. sibaiyaensis
probably caused by the extreme warming during the very brief (175–200 ka) CIE/PETM interval in
southern Egypt. These morphologic variations are particularly well developed in the middle phosphatic phase
(Beds 2 and 3 of the DQM), in which the CIE curve shows its maximum negative shift. The origin, morphology,
wall texture, coiling direction and their changes during ontogeny and evolution of Ac. sibaiyaensis during the
CIE-PETM interval at Qreiya, Gebel Abu Had, northeast Qena (southern Nile Valley) and Darb Gaga (southeast of
Kharga Oasis, southern Western Desert) are described, interpreted and illustrated. During the PETM, numerous
intraspecific varieties of Ac. sibaiyaensis are recorded. Several evolutionary lineages are delineated; some of them
stay within the morphologic range of Ac. sibaiyaensis, whereas others lead to other excursion taxa i.e. Acarinina
africana and Morozovella allisonensis. In addition, forms transitional to taxa which appear in younger horizons
than the PETM (younger than Zone E1) are recorded, described and illustrated.