4‐Amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐thieno[2,3‐c]pyrazole‐5‐carboxamide (1), which had been previously synthesized according to literature, was used for synthesizing pyrazolothieno‐pyrimidine (2) in the presence of triethyl orthoformate and acetic acid. Chlorination of the latter compound upon reflux with phosphorus oxychloride afforded the chloropyrazolothienopyrimidine (3), which underwent heterocyclization reaction with sodium azide to produce the tetrazolo‐pyrazolothienopyrimidine (6). The chloropyrimidine (3) reacted with hydrazine hydrate to give the hydrazinopyrimidine derivative (4), which in turn underwent intramolecular condensation reactions with various 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, namely ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl benzoylacetate, ethyl cyanoacetate, acetylacetone, diethyl malonate, and ethyl (ethoxymethylene) cyanoacetate, yielding new pyrazolyl pyrazolothienopyrimidine ring systems. Also triazolopyrazolothieno‐pyrimidines and benzylidene Schiff's base compounds were obtained as a result of the reactions with carbon disulfide in pyridine and benzaldehyde, respectively. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated using elemental and spectroscopic analyses (FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and mass spectroscopy). Some of the synthesized compounds possess high antibacterial and antifungal activities.

The structure and function of cellular membranes were sustained by redox-enzymes. We studied the
interaction between the oxidative stress caused by excessive accumulation of ZnO-nanoparticles
(ZnO-NPs) in plants and the role of redox-enzymes that can alleviate this stress. The crude callus
extract from pomegranate, which was treated with 0, 10, and 150 μg mL−1 ZnO-NPs or bulk particles
(ZnO-BPs), was applied to study the activity and kinetics of redox-enzymes. The elevated ZnO-NPs,
enhanced the lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase activity, while the ZnO-BPs did not modify them.
The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were induced
under ZnO-NPs or BPs treatments, whilst the opposite trend of peroxidase was observed. Ascorbate
peroxidase activity increased under ZnO-NPs treatments but decreased under ZnO-BPs. The kinetics
activity of enzymes showed changes under different levels of NPs and BPs. Additionally, NPs or
BPs treatments reduced the uptake of copper, iron, magnesium, but increased zinc accumulation
in callus tissues. Meanwhile, these treatments enhanced the accumulation of manganese ions but
did not affect the accumulation of potassium and phosphorous in ZnO-NPs or BPs-stressed calli.
Collectively, these results gave a quantitative evaluation of the competition of zinc and other minerals
on the carriers, and in addition, they provided a basis for how to control ZnO-NPs or BPs toxicity via
redox-enzymes.

The structure and function of cellular membranes were sustained by redox-enzymes. We studied the
interaction between the oxidative stress caused by excessive accumulation of ZnO-nanoparticles
(ZnO-NPs) in plants and the role of redox-enzymes that can alleviate this stress. The crude callus
extract from pomegranate, which was treated with 0, 10, and 150 μg mL−1 ZnO-NPs or bulk particles
(ZnO-BPs), was applied to study the activity and kinetics of redox-enzymes. The elevated ZnO-NPs,
enhanced the lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase activity, while the ZnO-BPs did not modify them.
The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were induced
under ZnO-NPs or BPs treatments, whilst the opposite trend of peroxidase was observed. Ascorbate
peroxidase activity increased under ZnO-NPs treatments but decreased under ZnO-BPs. The kinetics
activity of enzymes showed changes under different levels of NPs and BPs. Additionally, NPs or
BPs treatments reduced the uptake of copper, iron, magnesium, but increased zinc accumulation
in callus tissues. Meanwhile, these treatments enhanced the accumulation of manganese ions but
did not affect the accumulation of potassium and phosphorous in ZnO-NPs or BPs-stressed calli.
Collectively, these results gave a quantitative evaluation of the competition of zinc and other minerals
on the carriers, and in addition, they provided a basis for how to control ZnO-NPs or BPs toxicity via
redox-enzymes.

The structure and function of cellular membranes were sustained by redox-enzymes. We studied the
interaction between the oxidative stress caused by excessive accumulation of ZnO-nanoparticles
(ZnO-NPs) in plants and the role of redox-enzymes that can alleviate this stress. The crude callus
extract from pomegranate, which was treated with 0, 10, and 150 μg mL−1 ZnO-NPs or bulk particles
(ZnO-BPs), was applied to study the activity and kinetics of redox-enzymes. The elevated ZnO-NPs,
enhanced the lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase activity, while the ZnO-BPs did not modify them.
The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were induced
under ZnO-NPs or BPs treatments, whilst the opposite trend of peroxidase was observed. Ascorbate
peroxidase activity increased under ZnO-NPs treatments but decreased under ZnO-BPs. The kinetics
activity of enzymes showed changes under different levels of NPs and BPs. Additionally, NPs or
BPs treatments reduced the uptake of copper, iron, magnesium, but increased zinc accumulation
in callus tissues. Meanwhile, these treatments enhanced the accumulation of manganese ions but
did not affect the accumulation of potassium and phosphorous in ZnO-NPs or BPs-stressed calli.
Collectively, these results gave a quantitative evaluation of the competition of zinc and other minerals
on the carriers, and in addition, they provided a basis for how to control ZnO-NPs or BPs toxicity via
redox-enzymes.

Banded iron formations (BIFs) have attracted several geologists for their economic potentiality and are regarded as the foremost profitable sources of iron. Entirely nine BIF occurrences in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt (CED) are recorded that represent the northwestern part of the Arabian–Nubian Shield and comprise Neoproterozoic basement rocks. Other localities that were previously described as BIF but missing the necessities to fit the proper BIF ore type (e.g., Abu Rakib, El Hundusi, Um Lassaf, Fatira, Um Ghamis El Hamra, Sitra, and Abu Diwan localities) are included under the volcanogenic jasper and chert deposits and attributed to low–T hydrothermal deposits related to the underlying volcanic rocks. The BIFs are encountered as defined stratigraphic units intimately related to the Pan-African island-arc volcano–sedimentary association. They are typically confined to the andesitic fine-grained volcaniclastics where it is nearly absent within the more acidic varieties. There are several lines of evidences indicating that the volcanic rocks are associated with subduction-type magmatism and additionally tholeiitic and calc–alkaline volcanics are co-genetic. Consequently, the time span between volcanic activity and subsequent BIF basin development is believed to be short. Very poor clastic input declares that chemical precipitation of the BIFs took place in periods of tectonic quiescence and volcanic indolence. REEs are utilized to provide necessary clues regarding the genesis of these BIFs whether they are of hydrothermal origin or precipitated from seawater. Based on field relations, petrography, and additionally REE features, the depositional age of these BIFs seems to be Neoproterozoic. BIFs are suffering from regional metamorphism together with the hosting country rocks. The grade of regional metamorphism was basically greenschist facies. Some BIF occurrences suffered additional thermal metamorphism and could reach the upper amphibolite-facies. Oxide, carbonate, silicate, and sulfide BIF facies in the Egyptian BIFs are recorded. Distribution of these facies, their chemical properties, and deposition mechanisms are mentioned. These facies are also as a result of the sea-level fluctuations and physicochemical variations. Field, microscopic, and geochemical data indicated, definitely, the sedimentary origin of these BIFs. A definitive interpretation of genesis of BIFs has long been sought. The explanation presented in the present chapter involves the interpretation of an island-arc as the depositional setting of the BIFs. A model to hide the deposition of BIFs in this setting is proposed. BIFs are thought to have crystallized from in situ low-temperature fluids presumably from direct seafloor precipitation with restricted hydrothermal input. BIF ingredients seems a normal Al-poor, Fe-rich pelagic mud (probably smectite) and soluble Fe and Si ions produced from alteration of the nearly andesitic and basaltic hinterland. This contribution declares that bedded cherts are deposited in a continuously acid to weakly alkaline environment, where BIFs were precipitated under alternation of acid and alkaline conditions. Precious metals concentrations of the BIFs were evaluated. Type of gold is considered as stratabound deposits related to Algoma-type BIF. The respective BIF occurrences are broadly equated to those of Algoma-type BIFs on account of the volcaniclastic association and also the island-arc setting. Primitive microorganisms like bacteria and alga are detected in the Egyptian Neoproterozoic BIFs. The role of microorganisms in precipitation of the BIFs is mentioned. Replacement and reaction textures between the organic remains and Fe-minerals and silica are represented. The preserved fossils include different types with spheroidal, filamentous, and spore-like forms. They lived at the time of transition from an anoxygenic to an oxygenic atmosphere through the activity of photosynthesizing microorganisms.

Background. The development of dental caries is associated with various microorganisms and secondary caries formation is the main cause of restorations failure. The advice for restorative dental materials that have antimicrobial properties has stimulated the introduction of materials containing different antibacterial agents. Objectives. The present study has been designed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and incorporate AgNPs and amoxicillin into glass ionomer cement (GIC) to synergize its effect on oral microbes. The effect of the added antimicrobial agents on compressive strength (CS) of GIC was also evaluated. Material and methods. Biosynthesis of AgNPs was done using Cupressus macrocarpa extract and AgNPs were characterized. A total of 120 disc-shaped specimens were prepared and classified into 4 main groups where Group A includes conventional GIC, Groups B and C include GIC with AgNPs or amoxicillin, respectively, while Group D included GIC with both AgNPs and amoxicillin. Each group was tested for the antimicrobial activity against both Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The distribution of biofilm was examined via a scanning electron microscope. The CS of the tested material was measured using a Material Test System. Results. The UV−visible spectrum showed a peak of 429 nm. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction pattern and Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the formation of AgNPs with spherical to oblong polydispersed particles of diameter in the range of 13.5–25.8 nm. The maximum inhibitory zone was recorded for group D against both tested bacteria with a mean of 29 mm at first 24 h period to 15 mm at three weeks and showed antimicrobial rate 92.2% and 92.56%, against both strains, respectively. Additionally, group D disintegrated the structure of S. aureus biofilm and even kill bacteria in the biofilms. The addition of AgNPs and amoxicillin caused an insignificant effect on CS of GIC. Conclusion. TheAgNPs showed a synergistic effect in combination with amoxicillin and GIC dental restorative material against studied microorganisms. The agents can be safely added with minimal effect on the mechanical properties of the original cement.

Laminar two-dimensional unsteady mixed-convection boundary-layer flow of a viscous incompressible fluid past asymmetric wedge with variable surface temperature embedded in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid has
been studied. The employed mathematical model for the nanofluid takes into account the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The velocity in the potential flow is assumed to vary arbitrary with time. The non-Darcy effects including convective, boundary and inertial effects will be included in the analysis. The unsteadiness is due to the time-dependent free stream velocity. The governing boundary layer equations along with the boundary conditions are converted into dimensionless form by a non-similar transformation, and then resulting system of coupled non-linear partial differential equations are solved by perturbation solutions for small dimensionless time until the second order. Numerical solutions of the governing equations are obtained employing the implicit finite-difference scheme in combination with the quasi- linearization technique. To validating the method used, we compared our results with previous results in earlier papers on special cases of the problem and are found to be in agreement. Effects of various parameters on velocity, temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction profiles are graphically presented.

The present study was aiming to characterize the floristic composition and structure of vegetation
inhabiting different microhabitats along Ibrahimiya Canal, to find the relationship between environmental
conditions and associated macrophytic communities, and to assess the role of the prevailing
environmental factors that affect the diversity and distribution of vegetation. Between 2017 and 2018, 27
geo-referenced sample plots were selected to conduct this investigation along the main watercourse of
Ibrahimiya Canal. The sampling of the vegetation was based on a nested plot design using a stratified
sampling method. At each sampling plot, floristic data were collected from 3 different recognized
microhabitats: (1) the water body, (2) the embankment slope, and (3) the terrace. Physico-chemical
analysis for both soil and water were performed in the sampling plots. For soil, 12 parameters, for water
10 parameters, and 2 diversity indices were estimated. Classification (with TWINSPAN) and ordination
(with DCA) were employed to analyze the presence/absence data matrix of 85 species × 27 sampling
plots. The relationships between vegetation gradients and the studied environmental variables in both
water and soil were examined using CANOCO, and a CCA biplot ordination diagram was elaborated. In
TWINSPAN, 5 vegetation groups were identified and separated along the first and second DCA axes.
CCA showed that significant variables in soil were EC, K, clay and silt, but in water were K, Na, Cl and
Mg.

The present study was aiming to characterize the floristic composition and structure of vegetation
inhabiting different microhabitats along Ibrahimiya Canal, to find the relationship between environmental
conditions and associated macrophytic communities, and to assess the role of the prevailing
environmental factors that affect the diversity and distribution of vegetation. Between 2017 and 2018, 27
geo-referenced sample plots were selected to conduct this investigation along the main watercourse of
Ibrahimiya Canal. The sampling of the vegetation was based on a nested plot design using a stratified
sampling method. At each sampling plot, floristic data were collected from 3 different recognized
microhabitats: (1) the water body, (2) the embankment slope, and (3) the terrace. Physico-chemical
analysis for both soil and water were performed in the sampling plots. For soil, 12 parameters, for water
10 parameters, and 2 diversity indices were estimated. Classification (with TWINSPAN) and ordination
(with DCA) were employed to analyze the presence/absence data matrix of 85 species × 27 sampling
plots. The relationships between vegetation gradients and the studied environmental variables in both
water and soil were examined using CANOCO, and a CCA biplot ordination diagram was elaborated. In
TWINSPAN, 5 vegetation groups were identified and separated along the first and second DCA axes.
CCA showed that significant variables in soil were EC, K, clay and silt, but in water were K, Na, Cl and
Mg.

The present study was aiming to characterize the floristic composition and structure of vegetation
inhabiting different microhabitats along Ibrahimiya Canal, to find the relationship between environmental
conditions and associated macrophytic communities, and to assess the role of the prevailing
environmental factors that affect the diversity and distribution of vegetation. Between 2017 and 2018, 27
geo-referenced sample plots were selected to conduct this investigation along the main watercourse of
Ibrahimiya Canal. The sampling of the vegetation was based on a nested plot design using a stratified
sampling method. At each sampling plot, floristic data were collected from 3 different recognized
microhabitats: (1) the water body, (2) the embankment slope, and (3) the terrace. Physico-chemical
analysis for both soil and water were performed in the sampling plots. For soil, 12 parameters, for water
10 parameters, and 2 diversity indices were estimated. Classification (with TWINSPAN) and ordination
(with DCA) were employed to analyze the presence/absence data matrix of 85 species × 27 sampling
plots. The relationships between vegetation gradients and the studied environmental variables in both
water and soil were examined using CANOCO, and a CCA biplot ordination diagram was elaborated. In
TWINSPAN, 5 vegetation groups were identified and separated along the first and second DCA axes.
CCA showed that significant variables in soil were EC, K, clay and silt, but in water were K, Na, Cl and
Mg.