This study presents a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for the central part of northern Algeria using two complementary seismic models: a fault-based model and a gridded seismicity model. Two ground-motion attenuation equations were chosen using the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Next-Generation models, as well as local and regional ones. The ranking method was used to assess their ability to gather accurate data. To account for epistemic uncertainty in both components of the assessment, the seismic hazard was computed using a logic tree approach. Expert judgment and data testing were used to evaluate the weights assigned to individual ground-motion prediction equations. The seismic hazard maps depicted the obtained results in terms of spectral accelerations at oscillation periods of 0.0, 0.2, and 1.0 s, with 10% and 5% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, and for soil types B, B/C, C, and C/D, as defined by the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program. From the analysis, the uncertainty is expressed as both a 95% confidence band and the coefficient of variation (COV). Annual frequencies of exceedance and hazard curves were estimated for the selected cities, as well as uniform hazard spectra for the previously quoted probabilities of exceedance and the soil types considered. Peak ground acceleration values of 0.44±0.170.44±0.17 g and 0.38±0.060.38±0.06 g were reported for the B/C soil type in the cities of Algiers and Blida, respectively, for a return period of 475 years. Seismic maps for the selected return periods depicting the classification of the estimated values are also displayed in terms of very high, high, medium, low and very low degrees of reliability. Furthermore, a seismic hazard disaggregation analysis in terms of magnitude, distance, and azimuth was carried out. The primary goal of such analyses is to determine the relative contribution of different seismic foci and sources to seismic hazard at specific locations. Thus, for each studied city, for the considered return periods and for the soil type B/C, the so-called control or modal earthquake was estimated. At Algiers, events with magnitudes Mw 5.0–5.5 and distances of less than 10 km contribute the most to the mean seismic hazard over a 475-year period. However, for the same return period, those events with Mw 7.0–7.5 and located between 10 and 20 km away contribute the most to the seismic hazard at Tipaza.

The term endophyte refers to a group of microbes that inhabit plant internal tissues such as bacteria and fungi. In this study, we isolated Beauveria sp. AUMC 15401 from the internal tissues of tomato leaves and extracted the alkaloidal contents from the leaves. Also, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was used to identify the composition of the alkaloidal extract. The analysis showed that Beauveria sp. AUMC 15401 colonization stimulates plant secondary metabolism to produce novel alkaloids compared with the control tomato extract. Furthermore, the alkaloidal extract from the infected tomato leaves showed a high cytotoxic effect against A549 adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the potential binding of each alkaloid in the extract with epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and SRC tyrosine kinases. These proteins are the main key factors in epithelial malignancies and their inhibition could reduce tumor growth. A pharmacokinetic study (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) was also conducted to determine the potential of the isolated alkaloids to be oral active candidates.

Kidney diseases are major health problem and understanding the underlined mechanisms that lead to kidney diseases are critical research points with a marked potential impact on health. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs naturally and can be found in contaminated food. Kidneys are the most susceptible organ to heavy metal intoxication as it is the main route of waste excretion. The harmful effects of Cd were previously well proved. Cd induces inflammatory responses, oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbs Ca²⁺ homeostasis. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a cellular transcription factor that regulates inflammation and controls the expression of many inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from NF-κB inhibition. In this review we focused on certain compounds including cytochalasin D, mangiferin, N-acetylcysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, roflumilast, rosmarinic acid, sildenafil, sinapic acid, telmisartan and wogonin and certain plants as Astragalus Polysaccharide, Ginkgo Biloba and Thymus serrulatus that potently inhibit NF-κB and effectively counteracted Cd-associated renal intoxication. In conclusion, the proposed NF-κB involvement in Cd-renal intoxication clarified the underlined inflammation associated with Cd-nephropathy and the beneficial effects of NF-κB inhibitors that make them the potential to substantially optimize treatment protocols for Cd-renal intoxication.

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data retrieval experiment
has been instrumental in characterizing the global fluctuations in terrestrial water storage (DTWS)
over the past 20 years. Given the limited availability of hydrological data, GRACE measurements
are frequently combined with other climatic models, standardized precipitation index (SPI), and
standardized temperature index (STI) data to examine the likelihood of such impacts on hydrology
and calculate the groundwater storage changes (DGWS). The characterization of the intensity and
variability of drought events has been identified based on the Terrestrial Water Storage Deficit Index
(TWSI), derived from GRACE mass concentration blocks (mascons) over Senegal during the studied
period (April 2002–December 2021). The results are: (1) The average annual precipitation (AAP)
rate for the entire period was calculated at 692.5 mm/yr. (2) The GRACE-derived DTWS variations
were calculated at +0.89  0.34, +0.07  0.36, +1.66  1.20, and +0.63  0.08 cm/yr for Periods I
(April 2002–December 2009), II (January 2010–December 2017), III (January 2018–December 2021), and
the entire period (April 2002–December 2021), respectively. (3) The DGWS changes were estimated
to be +0.89  0.31, +0.085  0.33, +1.64  1.11, and +0.63  0.08 cm/yr for Periods I, II, II, and the
entire period, respectively. (4) There is good agreement in some years and seasons according to
the investigation of the link between the GRACE dataset, STI, and SPI. (5) Senegal’s groundwater
storage is increasing at a rate of 0.63  0.08 cm/yr (1.24  0.16 km3/yr) between April 2002 and
December 2021. (6) Considering the yearly extraction rates of 1.13  0.11 cm/yr (2.22  0.22 km3/yr),
an average recharge rate of +1.76  0.14 cm/yr (+3.46  0.28 km3/yr) was calculated for the studied
area. The integrated strategy is instructive and economical.

Every day, mining corporations grow and develop over Egypt’s Eastern Desert in search of
gold, silver, and other metals. Mineral resources in Egypt are a powerful tool for increasing national
income. In this study, we are interested in mineral exploration, such as gold and porphyry deposits,
using aeromagnetic data, applying various processing techniques such as First Vertical Derivative,
Total Horizontal Gradient, Analytical Signal, Tilt Derivative, and the center of exploration targeting.
The study area is located at the Central Eastern Desert, which includes the Barramiya, Abu Marwa,
and Abu Mireiwah regions. The analysis of the delineated structural trends shows that the N–S,
NW–SE, and NE–SW are the most effective directions for managing deposits in the investigated area.
A minor trend is also shown in the E–W direction and corresponds to the alteration zones reported by
geology and prior investigations. Mineralization zones occur most frequently at the contact between
ophiolitic serpentinite, sediments, and other rock types. This study intends to add more about the
use of the recently developed technology of CET grid analysis for mineral exploration and structural
interpretation across the Central Eastern Desert. The CET porphyry analysis map shows locations
where several occurrences of porphyry deposits are probable. The newly discovered spots are similar
to the area’s usual deposit sites. This study proves that aeromagnetic data are significant in mineral
exploration since they are useful for the discovery of the structure and shear zones controlling the
mineralization zones.

Industrial wastes represent a huge issue for the environment and precious materials for microbial growth. Utilizing these wastes in different fermentation process decrease the costs of production, materials, energy, and represent an eco-friendly way of waste recycling. Aspergillus niger (ASU49) is a promising isolate produce several hydrolytic enzymes as 2 lipases, amylases, cellulases and pectinases. Lipase enzyme was optimized by Box-Behnken experiential design using coconut, jojoba and cooking oil wastes. Extracted crude lipase enzyme and lyophilized one were compared and utilizing in biodiesel production. Coconut and jojoba wastes were promising in lipase production and maximum experimental values of lipase enzyme from both wastes were 4.32, 2.33 U/gds (predicted values was 4.29, 2.36 U/gds for jojoba and coconut wastes, respectively) obtained in run number (3) using Oil waste (2, (0) g/l) (A), Waste cooking oil (0, (-1) %) (B), and Temperature (30, (-1) °C) (C). The design was considerable, and efficacious to clear the interaction between factors; R2 values of lipase activity 0.998, 0.999 and adjusted R2 value 0.993, 0.998 for jojoba and coconut wastes, respectively. Extracted crude lipase (81.95% of total FAMEs) was more efficient than lyophilized lipases (56.14% of total FAMEs) in biodiesel production. Different oil wastes represent excellent sheep, nutritional, and effective sources for enzyme production using solid-state fermentation, especially with high producing microbial isolates and good optimizing designs

This study addresses the need for antibacterial medication that can overcome the current problems of antibiotics. It does so by suggesting two 1,8-naphthalimides (NI1 and NI2) containing a pyridinium nucleus become attached to the imide-nitrogen atom via a methylene spacer. Those fluorescent derivatives are covalently bonded to the surface of a chloroacetyl-chloride-modified cotton fabric. The iodometric method was used to study the generation of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) by irradiation of KI in the presence of monomeric 1,8-naphthalimides and the dyed textile material. Both compounds generated reactive singlet oxygen, and their activity was preserved even after they were deposited onto the cotton fabric. The antibacterial activity of NI1 and NI2 in solution and after their covalent bonding to the cotton fabric was investigated. In vitro tests were performed against the model gram-positive bacteria B. cereus and gram-negative P. aeruginosa bacteria in dark and under light iradiation. Compound NI2 showed higher antibacterial activity than compound NI1. The light irradiation enhanced the antimicrobial activity of the compounds, with a better effect achieved against B. cereu