Zn_1-xBi_xO samples' structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties, with (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.20), have been investigated. By increasing the Bi content to 0.20, the a-parameter, unit cell volume, crystallite size and porosity increased, while c-parameter decreased.. Interestingly, adding Bi to ZnO increases the Young and bulk modulus, and all samples are brittle in nature. The optical analysis revealed that all Zn_1-xBi_xO samples have two direct band gaps (E_g1/E_g2) in which their values are reduced by increasing the Bi content to 0.10, and then an increase up to 0.20 of Bi. The reflective index of ZnO is increased by the introduction of Bi³⁺ ions into the host material. The activity of the photocatalytic is reduced by doping of 0.025 Bi, but it is enhanced by changing the Bi content to 0.20. These findings reveal that Zn_1-xBi_xO nanoparticles are more suitable for optoelectronic devices, and water purification.

Dietary composition affects food preference in animals. High sugar intake suppresses sweet sensation from insects to humans, but the molecular basis of this suppression is largely unknown. Here, we reveal that sugar intake in Drosophila induces the gut to express and secrete Hedgehog (Hh) into the circulation. We show that the midgut secreted Hh localize to taste sensilla and suppresses sweet sensation, perception, and preference. We further find that the midgut Hh inhibits Hh signalling in the sweet taste neurons. Our electrophysiology studies demonstrate that the midgut Hh signal also suppresses bitter taste and some odour responses, affecting overall food perception and preference. We further show that the level of sugar intake during a critical window early in life, sets the adult gut Hh expression and sugar perception. Our results together reveal a bottom-up feedback mechanism involving a “gut-taste neuron axis” that regulates food sensation and preference.

In humans, finding a partner is quite a difficult task because there are many criteria that one needs to consider. However, in comparison to many animals, when choosing a partner, we easily discriminate between ourselves and members of other species through various communication systems. On the contrary, many fly species (Diptera) are morphologically similar and overlap in their geographical distributions and ecological habitats. Sexual interactions of most drosophilid flies occur on their hosts. Therefore, flies rely on olfactory sex pheromones, as well as on non-pheromonal chemicals such as host volatiles – which guide and restrict the search for conspecifics within limited locations – as honest signals for pre-mating reproductive isolation. A subtle divergence in the perception of these signals can lead to accumulated changes among populations of the same species, and ultimately to a reduction in gene flow and reproductive isolation. In recent years, we have seen an increased interest in how olfactory systems diverge to drive host adaptation and speciation. In this review, we discuss the evolutionary changes of the neural circuits that underlie mate recognition. We shed light onto sex pheromone communication systems, the construction of olfactory nervous systems, and the role of host specialization in reproductive isolation. Finally, leveraging the incipient speciation of Drosophila mojavensis Patterson populations, we highlight the underlying sensory mechanisms of the reproductive isolation barriers. In the end, we propose future research topics of the evolutionary neuroecology field of sexual communication.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new extension of the generalized admissible Salgorithm
for approximating common fixed point of three multivalued mappings satisfying two general
classes of contraction conditions in a uniformly convex Banach space endowed with a graph. As an
application of our result we establish the solution of image recovery problem in Hilbert space setting