Bioethanol is one of the most employed liquid biofuels due to the easy ‎adaptability of this fuel to existing engines and because this is a ‎cleaner fuel with a higher-octane rating than gasoline. Among the ‎widely used substrates for ethanol production is sugarcane molasses. ‎Unsuitable storage of molasses results in deterioration of fermentable ‎sugars consequently ethanol yield quality and efficiency. The present ‎study aimed to shed light on the effect of the storage period on the ‎efficiency of sugarcane molasses and its effect on ethanol fermentation ‎efficiency in distillery factories. The results showed that the total ‎fermentable and non-fermentable sugars involved in sugar cane ‎molasses varied between samples that were collected according to the ‎location source. Also, ethanol yield and fermentation efficiency were ‎different in the fermented molasses media which contained the same ‎concentration of fermentable sugars. About 2.6511.20% of ‎fermentable sugars in molasses were lost when stored under different ‎temperatures. The loss was increased with the increasing storage ‎temperature. Most of the loss happened in the first two months, ‎especially at high temperatures. The decrease in ethanol yield and ‎fermentation efficiency was affected sharply in the molasses storage at ‎high temperatures than the low ones. From this study, the suitable ‎storage temperature must not exceed 40°С to maintain molasses ‎quality and avoid molasses deterioration by heat in temperatures. 

The objective of the present study was to improve the quality of the Egyptian hard cheese (Ras type) by adding some Lactobacillus spp. as probiotic adjunct cultures. Strains of Lb. acidophilus, Lb. helveticus and Lb. casei were used and the chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of the cheese during 90 days of ripening were evaluated. The obtained data indicated that pH values and moisture content were decreased, while the total nitrogen (TN), fat, fat/dry matter, titratable acidity and salt contents were increased significantly during the ripening period in all treatments. For the ripening indices, significantly higher content of soluble nitrogen (SN), SN/TN, soluble tyrosine, soluble tryptophan and total volatile fatty acids were found in the experimental cheese compared to the Control cheese. Higher Lactobacilli count were observed in the adjunct treated cheeses, which reflects the positive retention of Lactobacilli in the experimental cheeses. Also, the use of probiotic adjunct cultures reduced the growth of fungi and prevented the coliform bacteria on Ras cheese. There was higher acceptability for the experimental cheeses than for the Control. Ras cheese was considered a good carrier for Lactobacillus probiotic strains since they were found to survive during cheese manufacture, ripening and storage.

Sugar beet is considered the second source of sugar production in the world, but ‎it becomes the first source in Egypt and several other countries all over the ‎world. The present study aimed to convert the agro-industrial beet pulp that ‎consists of cellulosic material into fermentable sugars as a friendly source of ‎energy. The cellulases producing bacteria and actinomycetes are associated with ‎beets' pulps and roots. The study also aimed to optimize the conditions of ‎cellulases production, e.g., incubation time, temperature and pH. One hundred ‎and two isolates of bacteria and actinomycetes were isolated from these samples ‎and then screened to determine their potency to produce cellulases. Seven isolates ‎were recorded as high producers (two from rhizospheres, one from endophytes, ‎and four from the beet pulp). These seven isolates were classified according to ‎morphological and biochemical tests as S11 (Streptomyces), S31 (Streptomyces), ‎S45 (Bacillus), and S72 (Bacillus), S73 (Streptomyces), S85 (Streptococcus) and ‎S88 (Bacillus). Optimization for the incubation period, temperature, and pH ‎showed that activities of the highest three tested isolates S11, S45, and S88 were ‎‎0.73, 0.17, and 0.54 U/ml after two days of the incubation period. These levels ‎increased to 1.33, 0.24 and 0.76 U/ml on the fourth incubation day at different ‎temperatures and pH degrees. According to the results, it is recommended to use ‎bacteria (Streptomyces), which is sample No. S11 isolated from the rhizosphere ‎soil of beetroots was the high producer of cellulases at 50°C and pH 7.‎
 

The world energy scene is undergoing a period of transition. As the inevitability of exhaustion of fossil fuels is becoming increasingly intensive, efforts are exerted to find and use substitutes for energy. Bioethanol is one of the most substitute renewable fuels contributing to the reduction of the global warming effect and negative environmental impact. Bioethanol production generally utilizes derivatives from food crops such as corn grain and sugarcane. In Egypt, sugarcane molasses is mainly used as feedstock for bioethanol production. However, molasses contains a concentration of heavy metals. Heavy metals are presented in high concentrations in the fermentation medium causing a critical problem during fermentation. This study focuses on reducing heavy metals content in molasses to improve bioethanol fermentation using heating, centrifugation, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid. Heating and centrifugation were sufficient to decrease Ca with less effect on other metals. Sulfuric acid reduced heavy metals content and the reduction addition of phosphoric acid had less effect on lowering the levels of heavy metals in molasses. Pretreatment of molasses with 0.3% H2SO4 decreased the contents of various inhibitory metals: Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn making molasses healthier for fermentation by yeast strains and increasing subsequent ethanol yield as well as high fermentation efficiency. 
 
 

Microbes are promising biotechnological tools that are used for green synthesis of numerous products. Fungi in particular are potent producer of many industrially important compounds, thanks to their prestigious enzymes machinery that allow fungi to convert substrates to desired product. Hence, this review aims to focus on properties, synthesis, and biotechnological applications of two important organic acids produced by fungi, which are kojic and citric acids.

Ethanol is one of the most important biofuels that can be produced from different renewable sources. Sugar beet pulp (SBP) is used as renewable and cheap raw material for ethanol production. SBP is the by-product of the sugar industry from sugar beet that is used as animal feed after processing (pressing, dehydration, and pelletizing). Ethanol from SBP will be more profitable value than the other uses as animal feed.The two highest cellulases producer isolates S11 and S88 from the previous work were subjected to DNA identification using the 16S rRNA gene. 16S rRNA is tool used to identify the origin, classification,  evolutionary and relationship history. The isolates S11 (Streptomyces sp. strain FDZH12) and S88 (Streptococcus mitis strain FDZH16) had been submitted to EMBL and their accession numbers are OK033363 and OK033364, respectively. Cellulase gene from S11 Streptomyces FDZH12 then cloned into E.coli to produce superior strain for cellulases production.The recombinant E. coli was confirmed by colony PCR using gene-specific primers of cellulases. Ethanol production from SBP is achieved through three steps: first, acid-base treatment for SBP and then the resulting cellulose content hydrolyzed to fermentable sugar using genetically engineered E.coli cloned by cellulases enzyme. Finally, the fermentable sugar is fermented to ethanol using S.cereviciae FDZH2O The weight of dried SBP after acid-base treatment was 45.5 % of the original dried SBP. Cellulose contents of untreated SBP were 27.95 % and reached 84.22 % after acid-base treatment (842.2g/kg). The maximum yields of glucose by the recombinant E.coli after 24 hours of saccharification of treated SBP were 28.36 g/50 g of acid base treated SBP (67.52% of their cellulose content). 

Microbes in general and fungi especially are promising biotechnological tools that are used for green synthesis of numerous products. Fungi in particular are potent producers of many industrially important compounds. β-Glucans are a group of biologically-active fibres or polysaccharides from natural sources with proven medical significance. β-Glucans are known to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-allergic, anti-osteoporotic, and immunomodulating activities. On the other hand, cyclosporin is a cyclic undecapeptide with a variety of biological activities including immunosuppressive, antiinflammatory, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. It is an extremely powerful immunosuppressant and is approved for the use in organ transplantation to prevent graft rejection in kidney, liver, heart, lung, and combined heart–lung 

Environmentally friendly technologies are becoming more popular because of the increase in environmental pollution. One of them is the ethanol production process using renewable resources. One of these renewable resources is Sugar Beet Pulp (SBP) as a renewable, available and inexpensive raw material with high sugar content for ethanol fermentation. The process of converting biomass to ethanol consists mainly of three stages: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. In this study, ethanol production from SBP was achieved through three steps: acid treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose content in treated SBP into fermentable sugar and fermentation of fermentable sugar to ethanol. The weight of dried SBP after acid treatment was 34% of the original dried SBP. Two cellulase commercial enzymes named SternEnzymeC21032 and Cellic C Tec2 were used for hydrolysis of cellulose content in 10 and 15% solid load of the treated SBP. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains CY3079 and AH15 were used for the fermentation of the reduced sugar. The highest ethanol yields by S. cerevisiae CY3079 and AH15 were 5.61 and 5.58% of reduced sugar in hydrolyzed SBP with a 15% solid load. According to the results reported in this study, each ton of dried SBP gives 100 kg of ethanol. However, this level is relatively low, and more experiments are still needed to increase the productivity of this bioprocess. 

exopolysaccharides (ePSs) are novel functional additives for low-fat yogurt. Pharmaceutical, medical, and food industries are using more lAB-based ePSs. in this study, leuconostoc spp. was used to produce ninth bacterial ePSs in a modified molasses medium. Production of ePSs was concentration-dependent on all stains and the highest yield was obtained from the S3 strain (55.23 g/l), followed by S6 (49.95 g/l), S8 (45.68 g/l), and S7 (44.23) , respectively. HPlC and FtiR analysis showed that all purified ePSs from leuconostoc citreum (S3) and leuconstoc holzaapfelii (S8) were related to exopolysaccharide glucan.  Anticancer activity of all ePSs samples (ePSs1-9) against Caco-2 cells and normal MCR-5 cells were investigated using Mtt assay. the results revealed that Caco-2 cells were more sensitive than the normal MCR-5 cells. the highest anticancer activity against Caco-2 cancer cells was recorded for ePS8 (iC50 = 22.94 µg/ml, Si=3.73), followed by ePS3 (iC50 = 36.15 µg/ml, Si=8.72), ePS1 (iC50 = 50.01 µg/ml, Si=3.73), and ePS4 (iC50 = 94.90 µg/ml, Si=3.26), respectively. the lowest cytotoxicity was recorded for ePS5 (iC50 = 130.5 µg/ml). the most active ePSs (ePS3 and ePS8) were used as fat replacements and stabilizers in low-fat set yogurt at non-toxic concentrations (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2%). ePS3 and ePS8 improved the low-fat yogurt's organoleptic and rheological properties. ePS8 had the highest water holding capacity (77.26%), viscosity (3660 CP), and lowest syneresis (22.95%) and whey off (0.6 ml). low-fat set yogurt enhanced with ePS3 and ePS8 recorded the highest sensory evaluation values with overall acceptability, especially ePS3b, ePS3c, ePS8c, and ePS8b; the total score point of 97.50, 97.43, 96.51, and 96.36, respectively  in fresh age compared to control yogurt (92.64). in conclusion, leuconostoc ePSs, especially ePS8, can be explored for anti-cancer effects on Caco-2 colorectal cancer cells. it could also improve the rheological and organoleptic qualities of low-fat set yogurt. 

 The recent developments in bioconversion of agricultural and industrial wastes to ‎chemical feedstock led to extensive studies on cellulolytic enzymes produced by fungi ‎and bacteria. Aspergillus niger is well known for its ability to produce cellulases. This ‎study aimed to produce cellulolytic enzymes from A. niger. Thirteen isolates of ‎Aspergillus niger were screened for cellulases production. A. niger 270 was the best one ‎which formed the highest inhibition zone (9cm) with hydrolysis capacity of 1.32. This ‎isolate was used for cellulases production and then optimization of endoglucanase and ‎exoglucanase activities, in addition to protein and biomass production in broth by using ‎response surface methodology. The Box-Behnken Design method with 3-factors and 3-‎levels was used. The maximum endoglucanase and exoglucanase activities were 10.37 ‎and 6.81 IU/ml respectively, while protein and biomass reached 137.33 mg/ml and 14.39 ‎g/l at the optimal conditions which were 7 days incubation period, 3% cellulose mixture ‎concentration and 0.35% ammonium sulfate concentration.‎