Reaction of 4chlorocoumarin3carbonitrile with ethyl thioglycolate and ethyl glycinate hydrochloride leads to a series of title products. Hydrazinolysis of amino thienocoumarin carboxylate afforded the hydrazi no derivative which underwent various reactions to build new heterocyclic rings containing thienocoumarin moiety. Chloro acetylation of aminoester compound afforded the chloro acetyl amino which underwent nu cleophilic substitution reactions various amines. The following treatment with formaldehyde under Mannich conditions afforded the corresponding imidazo derivatives. Reaction of chloroacetylamino with potassium thiocyanate yielded ethylpyrimidothieno coumarin sulfanylacetate which was used as a versatile precursor for synthesis of other heterocycles. On the other hand, reaction of chloro coumarin carbonitrile with hydrazine gave the aminopyrazolocoumaine which reacted with bifunctionally compounds to give the substituted py rimido derivatives. Diazotization and coupling of aminopyrazole with ethylcyanoacetate yielded ethylami notriazinopyrazolocoumarine carboxylate. Several of the compounds obtained demonstrated considerable antifungal and antibacterial activity in the in vitro test systems.

EWAGE sludge collected from El-Salhya sewage station at Qena ..... city in Egypt was applied in a pot experiment to investigate the uptake and distribution of certain mineral nutrients and some heavy metals in different organs of Gossypium barbadence plants. The sludge was mixed with sand at three levels: 10%, 20% and 30% and the sand was used (without sludge) as control. Results revealed that amendment the sandy soil with sewage sludge resulted in increasing the essential nutrients in the experimental plant parts especially N and P. The distribution of Na and K was in another way, and mostly Na accumulated in roots while more K transported into shoots of the plants. Results indicated also that Na/K ratio was higher in plant roots than in shoots. Mg and Ca distributed in shoots and roots with significant change from the roots toward the shoots, and also between both organs in plants grown on sludge and their analogous in control plants. Results of heavy metals analysis in this study indicated that heavy metal accumulation was more in roots than shoots under sewage sludge amendment. Data indicated that Fe and Pb accumulated in roots of plants more than shoots. In contrast to these metals, Ni was transported up to the shoots, while low amounts were detected in roots. The accumulation of heavy metals in cotton plants grown on sandy soil amended with sewage sludge was generally arranged in the following preference: Fe Zn Pb Ni which reflected the concentrations of these metals in sludge. Correlation analysis between the contents of heavy metals in both organs of cotton plants and that in the sand-sludge mixture showed different relationships.

Torrential rains (in January 1980) that had suddenly swept a limited area in the eastern desert facing Qena Province (Upper Egypt) resulted in enriching the vegetation of some extremely dry wadies at this location. Vegetation survey carried out shortly after this event (in April) revealed the prevailance of annuals which are hardly recognizable in such usually dry habitats and in considerable abundance. The normally scarce perennial vegetation has flourished too. The investigation revealed that the wadies studied are potential shelters of 3 community types, one of which seems to be a segetal part of an "Alliance" wide-spread in other wadies of this desert. Distribution of such vegetation units seems to be controlled by relative aridity of the soil as well as by soil depth.

Torrential rains (in January 1980) that had suddenly swept a limited area in the eastern desert facing Qena Province (Upper Egypt) resulted in enriching the vegetation of some extremely dry wadies at this location. Vegetation survey carried out shortly after this event (in April) revealed the prevailance of annuals which are hardly recognizable in such usually dry habitats and in considerable abundance. The normally scarce perennial vegetation has flourished too. The investigation revealed that the wadies studied are potential shelters of 3 community types, one of which seems to be a segetal part of an "Alliance" wide-spread in other wadies of this desert. Distribution of such vegetation units seems to be controlled by relative aridity of the soil as well as by soil depth.

Torrential rains (in January 1980) that had suddenly swept a limited area in the eastern desert facing Qena Province (Upper Egypt) resulted in enriching the vegetation of some extremely dry wadies at this location. Vegetation survey carried out shortly after this event (in April) revealed the prevailance of annuals which are hardly recognizable in such usually dry habitats and in considerable abundance. The normally scarce perennial vegetation has flourished too. The investigation revealed that the wadies studied are potential shelters of 3 community types, one of which seems to be a segetal part of an "Alliance" wide-spread in other wadies of this desert. Distribution of such vegetation units seems to be controlled by relative aridity of the soil as well as by soil depth.

The increase in prices of petroleum based fuels, future depletion of worldwide petroleum reserves and environmental policies to reduce CO2 emissions have stimulated research into the development of biotechnology to produce chemicals and fuels from renewable resources. The most commonly used metabolically derived biofuels are hydrogen, acetone, butanol and ethanol. Biofuel is produced biologically from renewable biomass by Clostridium spp. under strictly anaerobic condition. Substrate costs can make up to about 63% of the total cost of biofuel production. This is not because of the expense of the substrate itself, but mainly because of the low efficiency of Clostridium to convert substrate into biofuel, i.e. the yield of biofuel is often low, and this together with the formation of by-products leads to a high cost for butanol recovery. In addition, the maintenance of strict anaerobic conditions for Clostridium requires special conditions e.g. addition of costly reducing agents, and flushing with N2 gas, which increase the cost of the fermentation process. Hence, substrates such as agricultural residues, including wheat straw, barley straw, maize stover, wood hydrolysate, and switchgrass as well as dairy industry waste offer potential alternatives. To reduce the costs of producing hydrogen and ABE from fermentation, include using a low cost fermentation substrate and/or optimizing the fermentation conditions to improve the efficiency of converting substrate to biofuel. The facultative anaerobes are able to consume O2 in a medium and so a steady anaerobic condition in a fermentor was attained without addition of any reducing agent. Significant progress has been made towards genetically engineering clostridia to utilize a variety of substrates, and to reduce the need for pretreatment processes as well as reduce the application of reducing agents for creation anaerobic conditions. Among the cheap and readily available substrates for biohydrogen and liquid biofuel production, agro-industrial wastes are possibly one of the better choices. The possibility of using cheaper resources, such as lignocelluloses, whey cheese or any agro-industrial and domestic organic wastes, as the alternative substrates for biofuel production over more expensive substrates . Selection of cellulolytic clostridia in applying biotechnology to acetone-butanol fermentation revived interest in research on solvent production by fermentation.

The increase in prices of petroleum based fuels, future depletion of worldwide petroleum reserves and environmental policies to reduce CO2 emissions have stimulated research into the development of biotechnology to produce chemicals and fuels from renewable resources. The most commonly used metabolically derived biofuels are hydrogen, acetone, butanol and ethanol. Biofuel is produced biologically from renewable biomass by Clostridium spp. under strictly anaerobic condition. Substrate costs can make up to about 63% of the total cost of biofuel production. This is not because of the expense of the substrate itself, but mainly because of the low efficiency of Clostridium to convert substrate into biofuel, i.e. the yield of biofuel is often low, and this together with the formation of by-products leads to a high cost for butanol recovery. In addition, the maintenance of strict anaerobic conditions for Clostridium requires special conditions e.g. addition of costly reducing agents, and flushing with N2 gas, which increase the cost of the fermentation process. Hence, substrates such as agricultural residues, including wheat straw, barley straw, maize stover, wood hydrolysate, and switchgrass as well as dairy industry waste offer potential alternatives. To reduce the costs of producing hydrogen and ABE from fermentation, include using a low cost fermentation substrate and/or optimizing the fermentation conditions to improve the efficiency of converting substrate to biofuel. The facultative anaerobes are able to consume O2 in a medium and so a steady anaerobic condition in a fermentor was attained without addition of any reducing agent. Significant progress has been made towards genetically engineering clostridia to utilize a variety of substrates, and to reduce the need for pretreatment processes as well as reduce the application of reducing agents for creation anaerobic conditions. Among the cheap and readily available substrates for biohydrogen and liquid biofuel production, agro-industrial wastes are possibly one of the better choices. The possibility of using cheaper resources, such as lignocelluloses, whey cheese or any agro-industrial and domestic organic wastes, as the alternative substrates for biofuel production over more expensive substrates . Selection of cellulolytic clostridia in applying biotechnology to acetone-butanol fermentation revived interest in research on solvent production by fermentation.