In the present study biodiesel was produced by various fungal species isolated from Egypt
using sugarcane molasses as substrate. In the first stage 6 oleaginous fungi, namely,
Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium oxysporum,
Aspergillus parasiticus and Emericella nidulans var. lata were used for lipid production. Subsequent
to fungal cultivation on sugarcane molasses the cultures were filtered and biodiesel
was prepared by direct esterification of dry fungal biomass. Methyl esters of palmitic,
stearic, linoleic and elaidic represented the major components while palmitoleic represented
a minor component of biodiesel produced from tested oleaginous fungi. In the
second stage, the spent medium of fungal culture was used as the fermentation medium
for hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The maximum total H2
yield was obtained with the spent medium of E. nigrum and A. alternata. The results presented
in this study suggest a possibility of interlinking the biodiesel production technology
by fungi with hydrogen production by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 to exploit the residual
sugars in the spent media and therefore increase the economic feasibility of the biofuel
production from molasses.

In the present study biodiesel was produced by various fungal species isolated from Egypt
using sugarcane molasses as substrate. In the first stage 6 oleaginous fungi, namely,
Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium oxysporum,
Aspergillus parasiticus and Emericella nidulans var. lata were used for lipid production. Subsequent
to fungal cultivation on sugarcane molasses the cultures were filtered and biodiesel
was prepared by direct esterification of dry fungal biomass. Methyl esters of palmitic,
stearic, linoleic and elaidic represented the major components while palmitoleic represented
a minor component of biodiesel produced from tested oleaginous fungi. In the
second stage, the spent medium of fungal culture was used as the fermentation medium
for hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The maximum total H2
yield was obtained with the spent medium of E. nigrum and A. alternata. The results presented
in this study suggest a possibility of interlinking the biodiesel production technology
by fungi with hydrogen production by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 to exploit the residual
sugars in the spent media and therefore increase the economic feasibility of the biofuel
production from molasses.

In the present study biodiesel was produced by various fungal species isolated from Egypt
using sugarcane molasses as substrate. In the first stage 6 oleaginous fungi, namely,
Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium oxysporum,
Aspergillus parasiticus and Emericella nidulans var. lata were used for lipid production. Subsequent
to fungal cultivation on sugarcane molasses the cultures were filtered and biodiesel
was prepared by direct esterification of dry fungal biomass. Methyl esters of palmitic,
stearic, linoleic and elaidic represented the major components while palmitoleic represented
a minor component of biodiesel produced from tested oleaginous fungi. In the
second stage, the spent medium of fungal culture was used as the fermentation medium
for hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The maximum total H2
yield was obtained with the spent medium of E. nigrum and A. alternata. The results presented
in this study suggest a possibility of interlinking the biodiesel production technology
by fungi with hydrogen production by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 to exploit the residual
sugars in the spent media and therefore increase the economic feasibility of the biofuel
production from molasses.

In the present study biodiesel was produced by various fungal species isolated from Egypt
using sugarcane molasses as substrate. In the first stage 6 oleaginous fungi, namely,
Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Fusarium oxysporum,
Aspergillus parasiticus and Emericella nidulans var. lata were used for lipid production. Subsequent
to fungal cultivation on sugarcane molasses the cultures were filtered and biodiesel
was prepared by direct esterification of dry fungal biomass. Methyl esters of palmitic,
stearic, linoleic and elaidic represented the major components while palmitoleic represented
a minor component of biodiesel produced from tested oleaginous fungi. In the
second stage, the spent medium of fungal culture was used as the fermentation medium
for hydrogen production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The maximum total H2
yield was obtained with the spent medium of E. nigrum and A. alternata. The results presented
in this study suggest a possibility of interlinking the biodiesel production technology
by fungi with hydrogen production by C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 to exploit the residual
sugars in the spent media and therefore increase the economic feasibility of the biofuel
production from molasses.

Comparative DFT computations were studied between Paracetamol (PA) and its analogues such as p-nitroace- tanilide (PA-NO2), p-bromoacetanilide (PA-Br) and N-acetylanthranilic acid (NAA) which can be considered also as analogue of Aspirin (ASP). As well, Thio-Aspirin, Acetyl-Thio-Salicylic acid, (TASP) is another analogue of ASP. From DFT studies, it has been concluded that PA and its analogues have the predominant trans-con- formers with respect to directions of the carbonyl group in the acetyl moiety and the amino-hydrogen atom but the predominant conformer of NAA molecule is the cis-form. Phenacetin (PH) molecule which has ethoxy group in the Para-position instead of the hydroxyl group in the Para-position in PA molecule is another analogue of PA. The electron transfer energy between the drugs and the nucleic acid bases can be illustrated as cancer energy barrier. The cancer energy barriers were calculated from the DFT parameters for all the studied molecules showing the carcinogenic effect. The metabolized product N-acetylimidoquinone, m-PA, is produced in the liver from PA and PH. m-PA has higher electron affinity more than those of the nucleic acid bases indicating to the strong electronic withdrawing power from the nucleus in the human being liver cell, hence m-PA is responsible for the carcinogenic behavior of the liver cell since it has low energy barrier with guanine, 0.3 eV. Therefore the electron transfer between m-PA and guanine takes place spontaneously in the liver. From CI calculations it has been concluded that the singlet transition energies for the trans and cis conformers of PA are the same. The comparative spectral studies have been scanned for some analogues in the visible and UV regions using solvents of different polarities. The complex between PA and Zn2+ was studied by DFT method.

A new interesting class of thermotropic liquid crystalline copoly(arylidene-ether)s based on cyclohexanone derivative moieties was synthesised by solution polycondensation of 4,4′- diformyl-α,ω-diphenoxyalkanes (Ia−f) or 4,4′- diformyl-2,2′- dimethoxy-α,ω-diphenoxyalkanes (IIa−f) with methyl-cyclohexanone and 4-tertiary-butyl-cyclohexanone monomers. A model compound III was synthesised from X with benzaldehyde and characterised by elemental and spectral analyses. The inherent viscosities of the resulting polymers were in the range 0.23−0.91 dL/g. All the copoly(arylidene-ether)s were insoluble in common organic solvents but partially soluble in halogenated solvents. The mesomorphic properties of these polymers were studied as a function of the diphenoxyalkane space length. Their thermotropic liquid crystalline properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and optical polarising microscopy and it was demonstrated that the resulting polymers form nematic mesophases over wide temperature ranges. The thermal properties of those polymers were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and DSC measurements and correlated to their structural units. X-ray analysis showed that polymers have some degree of crystallinity in the region 2θ = 5−60°. In addition, the morphological properties of the selected examples were tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Using hybrid density functional theory calculations
with the B3LYP functional, the reaction mechanisms for cleavage of
R2N−CN (R = H, Me) bonds in the presence of unsaturated
molybdenum(II) silyl catalyst, Cp(CO)2MoSiMe3 (Cp = !5-C5H5),
were studied. The catalytic cycle takes place in two stages; the first
involves cleavage of the R2N−CN bond. The favorable sequence of
reactions for this stage is as follows: (i) coordination of a nitrile
through the lone pair of electrons on the nitrile nitrogen atom (NCN)
to give an end-on complex; (ii) isomerization of the end-on complex
to a side-on complex; (iii) migration of the silyl group to NCN to form
a stable Mo−C−NCN three-membered-ring intermediate with an
Mo−NCN dative bond; (iv) dissociation of NCN from Mo and
coordination of an amino N atom (NNR2) to Mo, leading to an Mo−
C−NNR2 three-membered-ring intermediate; and (v) cleavage of the R2N−C bond to form a silylisocyanide complex. The second
stage involves the regeneration of the active catalyst through two "-metathesis steps. In the first, Cp(CO)2MoNR2 reacts with
HSiMe3 to give Cp(CO)2MoH and R2NSiMe3, and in the second, "-metathesis of Cp(CO)2MoH with HSiMe3 regenerates
Cp(CO)2MoSiMe3. Step (iv) in the first stage possesses the largest activation energy and is the rate-determining step. The
activation energies for this step for the reactions of H2NCN and Me2NCN were calculated to be 36.4 and 38.3 kcal/mol,
respectively, based on potential energies with zero-point energy correction. After dissociation of the silylisocyanide ligand from
the silylisocyanide complex, it will be isomerized to silylcyanide, as in previous studies. The catalytic cycle for the cleavage of
R2N−CN bond is compared with that of MeO−CN bond. The effects of the metal atoms are also discussed.