Purpose: To investigate the kinetics of oxidative removal of two β-lactam antibiotics (A), namely, ampicillin and flucloxacillin. Methods: In this study, permanganate ion (MnO4 - ) was used as an oxidant in an alkaline medium at fixed ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm-3 and a temperature of 298 K utilizing a spectrophotometric technique. The obtained oxidation products were characterized using spot tests and FT-IR spectra. Results: The stoichiometry of the reactions was 1:4 (A : MnO4 - ). The reactions were a first order credence in [MnO4 - ] and fractional-first order kinetics in antibiotic and hydroxyl ion. Influence of ionic strength was successfully explored. Dependence of reaction rates on temperature was studied and the activation parameters were computed and discussed. A plausible mechanism for the oxidation reactions has been elucidated. A consistent rate-law expression was also derived. Conclusion: This study introduces a significant treatment method for antibiotic removal, thus helping to protect the environment and human health.

Degradation kinetics and pathways of the antibiotic penicillin G (Pen) have been examined via oxidation by chromium trioxide (CrVI) in aqueous sulfuric and perchloric acid media. The oxidation reactions were monitored by spectrophotometry at 298 K. In both acidic media, penicillin G oxidation was set to proceed through acid catalysis. The stoichiometry of the reactions designated that 3 moles of Pen required 2 moles of CrVI. The kinetics of Pen oxidation in both acids was of the first order with regard to [CrVI] and less-than unity order with regard to [Pen] and [H+ ] in their variation. The rates of reactions displayed negligible impacts upon altering ionic strengths or dielectric constants of the reaction media. There was no intrusion of free radicals throughout the redox reactions. Addition of low concentrations of Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ ions enhanced the oxidation rates, while addition of Cr3+ as a described product did not noteworthily alter the rates. Under comparable investigational circumstances, the oxidation rates in HClO4 were almost 2-fold greater than in H2SO4. The oxidation products of penicillin G were identified by spectral analysis and spot tests as phenyl acetic acid, 2-formyl-5,5-dimethyl-thiazolidine-4-carboxlate ion, ammonium ion, and carbon dioxide. Reliance of reaction rates on temperature has been explored, and the activation and thermodynamic parameters were estimated and debated. In view of the noted reactions’ orders and products’ identification, a plausible mechanism for the oxidation reactions was suggested. The derived rate law was set to be in accordance with the acquired results. This study offers an unprecedented simple and low-cost treatment method for removal or degradation of certain pollutants for protecting the environment and human health.

The kinetics and mechanistic aspects of oxidation of two aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely, neomycin and streptomycin by permanganate ion (MnO4 - ) in alkaline solutions were examined spectrophotometrically. The stoichiometry of the reactions between the investigated antibiotics and MnO4 - were set to be 8.0  0.3 mol. The reactions exhibited first order dependence regarding to [MnO4 - ] and less-than unit order dependences with respect to antibiotics and OHconcentrations. Under the same investigational conditions, the rate of oxidation of streptomycin was found to be about seven times more than that of neomycin. The impact of ionic strength of the reactions medium was explored which revealed that as the ionic strength increases the oxidation rates are also increased. Also, the influence of temperature was studied and the activation parameters were calculated and discussed. The plausible reactions mechanism was proposed and the appropriate rate-law expression consisted with the acquired investigational kinetic results was derived.

Keto-acid derivatives of sulfated iota -carrageenan (ICAR) was quantitatively prepared by the oxidation of iota- carrageenan as sulfated macromolecules by potassium permanganate in alkaline medium at pH`s > 12. The diketo-derivative was characterized by formation of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone and dioxime derivatives when reacting with 2,4- dinitrophenyl haydrazine and hydroxyl amine, respectively. This oxidation product can be used as a dietary fiber and a functional fiber when added to food. In addition, it found that the product has a high affinity for chelation with most of divalent and polyvalent metal ions forming stable coordination biopolymer complexes. The product is characterized by its non-toxicity, low cost and high performance

Two newly synthesized ligands based on 1,3,4-thiadiazolethiosemicarbazone have been isolated by the condensation reaction of 2,3-disubstituted-5-acetyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives with thiosemicarbazide in acidic medium in addition to their Co(II) chelates. The synthesized cobalt chelates that have been obtained by the reaction of each ligand with cobalt acetate were confrmed to have the formulae [(LM)Co(OAc)(H2O)2]H2O (LM–Co) and [(LN)Co(OAc)(H2O)2]0.5CH3OH (LN– Co); where LM and LN are 1,3,4-thiadiazolethiosemicarbazone ligands with methyl and nitro substituents, respectively. Comparison of the IR spectrum of each ligand with that of its cobalt complex implied that both ligands acted as monobasic tridentate connecting to the cobalt ion through N atoms of both azomethine group and thiadiazole ring and S atom of deprotonated SH group as well. The two complexes have been proved to have octahedral geometrical structures. The synthesized compounds were studied as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in molar hydrochloric acid solution using several chemical and electrochemical techniques. The investigational outcomes displayed that the inhibition efciencies of the examined compounds were found to augment as the concentrations of such compounds raised. At comparable inhibitors concentration, the inhibition efciency was a little increased following the order: LM>LM–Co>LN>LN–Co. The acquired high inhibition efciencies of the explored compounds were ascribed to the potent adsorption of the molecules on the steel surface and construction of adherent layers. Such adsorption was found to accord with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. There is a good correlation in the results obtained from the diferent measurements used

The inhibition efficiencies of ampicillin and flucloxacillin expired drugs on mild steel (MS) corrosion in 1.0 M sulfuric acid medium was examined at 20oC using weight loss (WL), and electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Examined expired drugs are set to be efficient inhibitors for MS corrosion in sulfuric acid medium. The experimental outcomes of weight loss technique displayed that the inhibition performances of the investigated expired drugs augmented with increasing concentrations of such drugs and reduced by raising the temperature. The observed high inhibition efficiencies of the studied expired drugs may be owing to powerful adsorption of the drug species on MS surface resulting in formation of protective layers. Adsorption of the tested expired drugs on the MS surface was set to accord with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The assessed thermodynamic parameters supported the mechanism of physical adsorption of the inhibitors.

Acyclovir (ACV) and Omeprazole (OMP) are two expired drugs examined as an inhibitors for the dissolution of Sabic iron in 1.0 M HCl using weight loss, electrochemical impedance and two types of polarization; galvanostatic and potentiodynamic measurements . Increase the concentration of expired ACV and OMP increases the efficacy of inhibition that also decreases with temperature. These drugs acts as mixed inhibitors that was detected by galvanostatic polarization studies. The inhibition activity of ACV and OMP owing to its horizontal adsorption of them on the Sabic iron surface because of the presence of several active centers. The adsorption follows Langmuir isotherm. The impedance data demonstrated one capacitive loop suggesting that the charge transfer control the corrosion reaction. The expired ACV and OMP performed as an efficient pitting corrosion inhibitor by moving the pitting potential to more noble values.