The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of citral on
glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxide (LPO) and vitamin C. Also, the protective effect of N.
sativa was studied. Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided into control or experimental
groups which received three different concentrations of citral (50, 100 and 200 μM), N. sativa extract (5 μl) or
a combination of N. sativa extract with citral. Citral and N. sativa groups decreased GSH & vitamin C and
NO, while increased LPO. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa increased GSH & vitamin C and decreased
LPO levels. Citral induced oxidative stress by inhibiting RA synthesis. The limited mitigative properties of N.
sativa are attributed to either its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of oxidative stress provoked by
citral and above its antioxidative capacity or the low administered dose.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of citral on
glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxide (LPO) and vitamin C. Also, the protective effect of N.
sativa was studied. Fertilized eggs of the chick Gallus domesticus were divided into control or experimental
groups which received three different concentrations of citral (50, 100 and 200 μM), N. sativa extract (5 μl) or
a combination of N. sativa extract with citral. Citral and N. sativa groups decreased GSH & vitamin C and
NO, while increased LPO. Co-treatment with citral and N. sativa increased GSH & vitamin C and decreased
LPO levels. Citral induced oxidative stress by inhibiting RA synthesis. The limited mitigative properties of N.
sativa are attributed to either its antineoplastic properties, the high levels of oxidative stress provoked by
citral and above its antioxidative capacity or the low administered dose.

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the entropy generation due to magnetohydrodynamic natural
convection flow and heat transfer in a porous enclosure filled with Cu-water nanofluid in the presence of
viscous dissipation effect. The left and right walls of the cavity are thermally insulated. There are heated and
cold parts, and these are placed on the bottom and top wall, respectively, whereas the remaining parts are
thermally insulated.
Design/methodology/approach – The finite volume method is used to solve the dimensionless partial
differential equations governing the problem. A comparison with previously published woks is presented and
is found to be in an excellent agreement.
Findings – The minimization of entropy generation and local heat transfer according to different values of
the governing parameters are presented in details. It is found that the presence of magnetic field has negative
effects on the local entropy generation because of heat transfer and the local total entropy generation. Also, the
increase in the heated part length leads to a decrease in the local Nusselt number.
Originality/value – This problem is original, as it has not been considered previously.

Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection flow and heat transfer in a square porous cavity differentially heated and
cooled by heat source and sink, respectively, and filled with the Cu–Al2O3–water hybrid nanofluid isstudied numerically.
The active parts of theleft and the right side walls of the cavity are maintained at cooled temperature, and the active parts of
the top and bottom walls are maintained at hot temperature. The enclosure’s inactive parts of its side walls are kept
insulated. The governing equations in the two-dimensional space are discretized using finite difference methodology.
A proper upwinding scheme is employed to obtain stabilized solutions. Using the developed code, a parametric study is
undertaken, and the effects of the Rayleigh number, the locations of the active parts of the side walls, and the volume
fraction of the nanoparticles on the fluid flow and heat transfer inside the cavity are investigated. It is observed from the
results that the average Nusselt number decreases substantially for hybrid suspension when the location of the heat source
D changes. It is noted that the velocity decreases in magnitude when Hartmann number Ha increases. The local Nusselt
number gets enhanced for the hybrid suspension as the nanoparticle volume fraction ϕ increases. It is also shown that, as
compared to Cu and Al2O3, the hybrid suspension has lower magnitude of average Nusselt number.

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Chalcogenide glasses have received lots of attention because of their superior optical properties. To optimize these properties and expand areas of applications, more studies are required to establish the extent to which the parameters can be tuned over a wide range of annealing temperatures and heating rates. To do this, bulk and thin ∼150 nm As30Te67Ga3 films were prepared by melt-quenching and thermal evaporation techniques,respectively. The phase transition was investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) while the crystal structures were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Characteristic temperatures such as the glass transition, crystallization and melting temperature of the bulk glass were found to depend on the heating rate. The activation energy of glass transition was 167.29 kJ/mol while the energy of crystallization was 103.98 kJ/mol. XRD results indicated that the annealed films showed more crystallinity, larger average crystallite size, lower dislocation density and lower strain as annealing temperature increased. According to the Avrami exponent, a combination of two and three-dimensional crystal growth with heterogeneous nucleation are possible mechanisms for the crystallization process. Moreover, optical constants such as the optical band gap, refractive index, extinction coefficient, high-frequency dielectric constants, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants were found to strongly depend on the annealing temperature. The optical energy gap decreased from 1.1 to 0.89 eV as the annealing temperature increased from 373 to 433K. These results indicate that thermal annealing is a major factor that can be used to tune the crystal structure, and hence the optical properties of
As30Te67Ga3 system.

Chalcogenide glasses have received lots of attention because of their superior optical properties. To optimize these properties and expand areas of applications, more studies are required to establish the extent to which the parameters can be tuned over a wide range of annealing temperatures and heating rates. To do this, bulk and thin ∼150 nm As30Te67Ga3 films were prepared by melt-quenching and thermal evaporation techniques,respectively. The phase transition was investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) while the crystal structures were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Characteristic temperatures such as the glass transition, crystallization and melting temperature of the bulk glass were found to depend on the heating rate. The activation energy of glass transition was 167.29 kJ/mol while the energy of crystallization was 103.98 kJ/mol. XRD results indicated that the annealed films showed more crystallinity, larger average crystallite size, lower dislocation density and lower strain as annealing temperature increased. According to the Avrami exponent, a combination of two and three-dimensional crystal growth with heterogeneous nucleation are possible mechanisms for the crystallization process. Moreover, optical constants such as the optical band gap, refractive index, extinction coefficient, high-frequency dielectric constants, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants were found to strongly depend on the annealing temperature. The optical energy gap decreased from 1.1 to 0.89 eV as the annealing temperature increased from 373 to 433K. These results indicate that thermal annealing is a major factor that can be used to tune the crystal structure, and hence the optical properties of
As30Te67Ga3 system.