A series of new pyrimidine, triazine, and isoindole heterocycles fused to the selenolopyrazole ring system was synthesized by various condensation reactions of the amino selenolopyrazole carboxamide 1, which was performed by a new green methodology. The pyrimidinone compound 6 was used as a versatile precursor for several aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions to produce the sulfanyl pyrimidines 10a‐c and the corresponding amines 11a‐c and 12a, b. Assignment of the chemical structures for the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR and mass spectroscopy for some of them. Furthermore, some of these compounds were screened against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Their results demonstrated that some of them revealed remarkable antimicrobial activities.

A series of new pyrimidine, triazine, and isoindole heterocycles fused to the selenolopyrazole ring system was synthesized by various condensation reactions of the amino selenolopyrazole carboxamide 1, which was performed by a new green methodology. The pyrimidinone compound 6 was used as a versatile precursor for several aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions to produce the sulfanyl pyrimidines 10a‐c and the corresponding amines 11a‐c and 12a, b. Assignment of the chemical structures for the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR and mass spectroscopy for some of them. Furthermore, some of these compounds were screened against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Their results demonstrated that some of them revealed remarkable antimicrobial activities.

A series of new pyrimidine, triazine, and isoindole heterocycles fused to the selenolopyrazole ring system was synthesized by various condensation reactions of the amino selenolopyrazole carboxamide 1, which was performed by a new green methodology. The pyrimidinone compound 6 was used as a versatile precursor for several aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions to produce the sulfanyl pyrimidines 10a‐c and the corresponding amines 11a‐c and 12a, b. Assignment of the chemical structures for the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR and mass spectroscopy for some of them. Furthermore, some of these compounds were screened against various pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Their results demonstrated that some of them revealed remarkable antimicrobial activities.

The current study aimed to evaluate hydrogeologically the Nubian sandstone aquifer in El-Bahariya Oasis. It represents the main water-bearing horizon in the study area and consists of continental elastic sediments, mainly sandstone alternating with shale and clays. The general flow lines are directed from SW to NE direction, as detected from the constructed potentiometric head contour map. The piezometric surface reaches 149 m in El-Heiz area at the southern part, while it reaches 90 m at the northern, reflecting higher pressure head of the aquifer in the southern part. The map also illustrates that the southern part is considered as the most promising location for development. The structural elements play an important role in the deposition and distribution of the sedimentary succession of the Nubian sandstone sediments. Consequently, this sedimentary pattern affects the occurrences and movements of the groundwater within the aquifer system. Along the structurally high areas, in the study area, the piezometric head increases, while the reverse is recorded along the structurally low areas. The stepdrawdown tests data were carried out by calculating the aquifer loss coefficient (B) and the well loss constant (C). The B values are smaller compared with C values,indicating that the aquifer under pressure has a behavior of leaky aquifer; therefore, it shows hydraulic connection with surrounding formation. The values of well efficiency range from 78.50% to 87.76%. Analysis of 12 pumping test data (constant discharge tests) was carried out in order to calculate the Nubian aquifer hydraulic parameters (transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity, and storage coefficient). The transmissivity values decrease from 3,045 m2/day in the southern part (El-Heiz area) to 236 m2/day in the northeastern part (El-Harra area). Accordingly, the aquifer classified as a high to moderate potentiality. Transmissivity contour map observes gradual increase of transmissivity values from the southern to northeastern direction. This may be due to the increase of shale or clay content in the concerned aquifer in that direction. The storage coefficient values range between 1.04 × 10−4 and 5.22×10−3, as obtained from the results of pumping test analysis, which ensure that the Nubian sandstone aquifer is classified as semi-confined to confined aquifer type. TheSvalues show a decrease from southwest to northeast direction as detected from S-map. The hydraulic conductivity values vary from to 0.46 m/day in the northern part to 10.88 m/day in the southern part with an average of 5.67 m/day. According to the classification based on K values, the aquifer is mainly composed of coarse sand.

Since the pioneering work of Cornell [1], it is clear that seismic hazard assessment depends on several models, among them perhaps one of the most significant, and usually poorly understood, is the delineation and characterization of the seismic source model for a particular region. Identification and characterization of the potential seismic sources in any region is one of the most important and critical inputs for doing seismic hazard analysis. In fact, the characterization of seismic source zones depends on the interpretation of the available geological, geophysical and seismological data obtained by many tools such as tectonic studies, seismicity, surface geological investigations and subsurface geophysical techniques [2]. In addition, the characterization depends on the definition of different surface and sub-surface active faults. Modern investigations on Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) for any region at any scale, requires that the study region should be subdivided into different seismic sources. The issue of seismic source delineation and characterization is often a controversial one in the practice of seismic hazard analyses, both deterministic and probabilistic, as the information available relating to geology and seismotectonics can vary from region to another region.

Since the pioneering work of Cornell [1], it is clear that seismic hazard assessment depends on several models, among them perhaps one of the most significant, and usually poorly understood, is the delineation and characterization of the seismic source model for a particular region. Identification and characterization of the potential seismic sources in any region is one of the most important and critical inputs for doing seismic hazard analysis. In fact, the characterization of seismic source zones depends on the interpretation of the available geological, geophysical and seismological data obtained by many tools such as tectonic studies, seismicity, surface geological investigations and subsurface geophysical techniques [2]. In addition, the characterization depends on the definition of different surface and sub-surface active faults. Modern investigations on Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) for any region at any scale, requires that the study region should be subdivided into different seismic sources. The issue of seismic source delineation and characterization is often a controversial one in the practice of seismic hazard analyses, both deterministic and probabilistic, as the information available relating to geology and seismotectonics can vary from region to another region.

Reduction of damage in earthquake-prone areas requires modern building codes that should be continuously updated to reflect the improvement in our understanding of the physical effects of earthquake ground shaking on buildings and the increase in the quality and amount of seismological and tectonic studies, among other factors. This work reviews the published seismic hazard assessments available for Egypt as well as the seismic actions included in the building codes, in order to show the state-of-the-art of the seismic hazard assessment studies for the country. The review includes the history and development of seismic hazard assessments and the adoption of seismic building codes in Egypt. All the previous studies were analyzed in order to conclude that a new seismic hazard assessment according to the state-of-the-art is desirable, as well as a change in the hazard description for the actual Egyptian building code.

Reduction of damage in earthquake-prone areas requires modern building codes that should be continuously updated to reflect the improvement in our understanding of the physical effects of earthquake ground shaking on buildings and the increase in the quality and amount of seismological and tectonic studies, among other factors. This work reviews the published seismic hazard assessments available for Egypt as well as the seismic actions included in the building codes, in order to show the state-of-the-art of the seismic hazard assessment studies for the country. The review includes the history and development of seismic hazard assessments and the adoption of seismic building codes in Egypt. All the previous studies were analyzed in order to conclude that a new seismic hazard assessment according to the state-of-the-art is desirable, as well as a change in the hazard description for the actual Egyptian building code.

This study analyses the temporal clustering, spatial clustering, and statistics of the 2012–2013 Torreperogil-Sabiote (southern Spain) seismic swarm. During the swarm, more than 2200 events were located, mostly at depths of 2–5 km, with magnitude event up to mbLg 3.9 (Mw 3.7). On the basis of daily activity rate, three main temporal phases are identified and analysed. The analysis combines different seismological relationships to improve our understanding of the physical processes related to the swarm’s occurrence. Each temporal phase is characterized by its cumulative seismic moment. Using several different approaches, we estimate a catalog completeness magnitude of c m ≅1.5. The maximum likelihood b-value estimates for each swarm phase are 1.11 ± 0.09, 1.04 ± 0.04, and 0.90 ± 0.04, respectively. To test the hypothesis that a b-value decrease is a precursor to a large event, westudy temporal variations in b-value using overlapping moving windows. A relationship can be inferred between change in b-value and the regime style of the rupture. b-values are indicators of the stress regime, and influence the size of ruptures. The fractal dimension 2 D is used to perform spatial analysis. Cumulative gamma and beta functions are used to analyse the behaviour of inter-event distances during the earthquake sequence.

In the present study, a new seismic source model for the Egyptian territory and its surroundings is proposed. This model can be readily used for seismic hazard assessment and seismic forecasting studies. Seismicity data, focal mechanism solutions, as well as all available geological and tectonic information (e.g. active faults) were taken into account during the definition of this model, in an attempt to define zones which do not show only a rather homogeneous seismicity release, but also exhibit similar seismotectonic characteristics. This work presents a comprehensive description of the different tectonic features and their associated seismicity to define the possible seismic sources in and around Egypt. The proposed seismic source model comprises 28 seismic sources covering the shallow seismicity for the Egyptian territory and its surroundings. In addition, for the Eastern Mediterranean region, we considered the shallow seismic source zones, used in the SHARE project for estimating the seismic hazard for Europe. Furthermore, to cover the intermediate-depth seismicity, seven intermediate seismic source zones were delineated in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Following the determination of zone boundaries, a separate earthquake and focal mechanism sub-catalogue for each seismic zone was created. Seismicity parameters (b-value, activity ‘‘a-value’’ and maximum expected magnitude) have been computed for each source. In addition, the predominant focal mechanism solution was assigned for each source zone using the stress field inversion approach. The proposed seismic source model and its related seismicity parameters can be employed directly in seismic hazard assessment studies for Egypt.