Agricultural productivity faces various challenges that include a combination of (a)biotic stresses. The abiotic stresses include extreme temperature, water stress, light stress, salinity, deficiency in essential nutrients, chemical factors, air pollutants, radiation, wind, latitude, altitude, and other stressors. Damages to a magnitude of 50% of agrarian production come back from abiotic stress. Universal weather alteration and overutilizing naturalistic resources probably amplify the manifold of the inverse effect of abiotic stress. To alleviate the effects of various stressors, suggested strategies involve improved agronomic management, the upbringing of stress-tolerant cultivars, using of fertilizer, which may boost ability for acclimation to stressful medium. In this chapter, we have investigated the effect of salinity from the elevation of the Mediterranean seawater. In Egypt the rise of the Mediterranean seawater leads to the mixing of surface water with the subsoil water, which leads to the reduction of the crop productivity. Here, we introduced a mathematical model to manage the effect of salinity on sugar beet production. The model simulated the laser land leveling in the guided fields of the two Egyptian governorates, one of them located on the Mediterranean Sea, which produce sugar beet. The outcome of that mathematical model increased sugar beet revenue, profit, and rate of return in both governorates. The total sugar beet production cost, water used, and absolute risk decreased. Moreover, the liberation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and consumption of energy reduced.

The participation of salicylate (SalA), gallate (GalA), and benzoate (BenA), in various physiological and biochemical processes in the plant under conditions of boron excess (BE), is largely unknown. The relationship between phenolic acids (PhAs) and regulation of antioxidant enzymes and B forms has been studied in the alleviation of oxidative stress caused by BE within the tomato callus. Tomato calli were subjected to BE (2 mM) in the absence or presence of three levels of BenA, GalA and SalA. The results demonstrated that different levels of PhAs attenuated the oxidative stress of BE by reducing hydrogen peroxide, B accumulation, and lipoxygenase activity (LOX) activity, and the moderate level was the most effective. Phenolic acid treatments reduced the stimulatory effects of BE on catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Similarly, BenA and GalA increased the effect of BE stimulation on the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD), while SalA decreased these impacts on both enzymes. The results highlight that PhAs perform an important function in alleviating BE stress in tomato calli by regulating antioxidant enzymes and forms of B accumulation. This research supplies new viewpoints for strategies associated with BE tolerance in tomato plants and therefore can be employed as plant growth stimulators.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) control both innate and adaptive immunity with a wide expression on renal epithelial cells and leukocytes. Activation of TLRs results in the production of cytokines, chemokines and interferons along with activation of the transcription factor NF-κB, resulting in inflammatory perturbations. TLR4 signaling pathway is the most extensively studied of TLRs. TLR4 is expressed on renal microvascular endothelial and tubular epithelial cells. So, targeting TLR4 modulation could be a therapeutic approach to attenuate kidney diseases that are underlined by inflammatory cascade. Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities display valuable effects and are employed as alternative sources to alleviate renal disease linked with inflammation. Flavonoids and other phytochemicals derived from traditional medicines possess promising pharmacological activities owing to their relatively cheap and high safety profile. Our review focuses on the potent anti-inflammatory activities of twenty phytochemicals to verify if their potential promising renoprotective effects are related to suppression of TLR4 signaling in different renal diseases, including sepsis-induced acute kidney injury, renal fibrosis, chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity, diabetic nephropathy and renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Additionally, molecular docking simulations were employed to explore the potential binding affinity of these phytochemicals to TLR4 as a strategy to attenuate renal diseases associated with activated TLR4 signaling.

Excess boron (EB) is a known threat to plant growth and productivity, however, the role of applications of phenolic acids [PAs; benzoic acid (BA), gallic acid (GA), and salicylic acid (SA)] in mitigating this threat has not been extensively explored. In vitro investigations were performed to realize the mechanism of PAs on the tolerance index (TI), boron (B) accumulation, and non-enzymatic antioxidants in alleviating EB on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cultivar Castle Rock) calli. Tomato calli were subjected to two levels of B (medium B condition (control) and 2 mM boric acid) in the presence or absence of different concentrations of PAs. The results showed that moderate levels of BA (1.0 μM), GA (10 μM), and SA (50 μM) promoted inhibition of the TI, flavonoids, and ascorbate (AsA) of EB-treated calli. The B concentration was increased under EB, and this parameter was significantly decreased by PAs. Malondialdehyde (MDA), bound phenolics, cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and protein thiols (PTs) were increased under EB but were significantly reduced through the use of PAs. Free phenolics were increased under EB and were significantly decreased by PAs, only BA increased its content in calli. In addition, EB reduced non-protein thiols (NPTs); however, this deficiency was alleviated by PAs, only SA reduced its content. These results provide new visions to the mechanism that helps control EB in tomato plants and thus can be harnessed to develop effective plant growth stimuli.