The Cenozoic Ngwa Basin is located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) at the southern part of the Mount Bambouto
slope. Collected samples from this basin have been studied to investigate the provenance, maturity, tectonic setting, and
conditions of sedimentation via facies analyses, geochemical, petrographical, X-ray difraction (XRD), and heavy minerals
studies. The strata succession consists of alternation of positive and negative sequences with three facies association and
height lithofacies (Gcm, Gmm, Gmi, Sm, Sh, Fm, Fh, and Fhfc lithofacies), interbedded with the volcanic rocks made up
of rhyolite, ash pyroclasts and olivine basalt. Facies analyses show high variations in sedimentation conditions, with alternatively high and moderate to low energies of deposition infuenced by climate and tectonics. Petrographic study of pebbles
indicates the presence of varied volcanic rocks such as andesite, basalt, trachyte, dacite, and ignimbrite around the study
area. Analysis of the major elements points to volcanic heterogeneous provenance of sediments, with dominance of mafc
to intermediate igneous provenance, in the middle and upper part of deposits, and secondary recycled and felsic provenance
in its lower part. The studied sediments are mature (index of compositional variability: ICV generally < 1) and show high
recycling manner (chemical index of alteration: CIA 71.81 to 99.00 and plagioclase index of alteration: PIA 79.37 to 99.71).
This recycled character is further confrmed by the presence of inclusively quartz pebbles in the lower part of the studied
sequence and generally by the high ∑REE values (621.57 to 11,280.5 ppm > PAAS: 184.77 ppm). Sediments were deposited
in swamping settings with prevailing oxic conditions (high to slight negative Ce anomalies: 0.19 to 98) under warm and semihumide with periodically semi-arid to arid climate when one proceeds up-section as is evidenced by the major elements and
XRD data. Sedimentation in the Ngwa Basin refects a composite tectonic setting, which is probably connected to the Late
Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Gondwanan continental rifting and the South Atlantic Ocean evolution. The cases of Cenozoic
volcaniclastic deposits associated with terrigenous facies are reported in the Southern Apennines, Italy.

Abstract
The present study deals with microfacies analysis, paleoecology and sequence stratigraphy of the Lower–Middle Eocene
rocks in central Nile Valley and west-central Sinai. Four rock units were marked (Minia, Darat, Samalut and Maghagha
formations). Eight facies belts were interpreted including lagoon, back bank, main bank, fore bank and open marine outer
bank facies and deposited on a gently dipping platform ramp. This ramp might be further divided to three main faunal
associations depending on the depth of the water and associated fauna. Four major depositional sequences (DS1–DS4),
refecting third-order cycles and separated by two prominent sequence boundaries (SB1 and SB2) were marked. The record
of these sequences refects the changes in eustatic sea level plus the regional tectonism in the area. Every sequence includes
facies associations, which constitute lowstand and/or transgressive and highstand systems tracts. Based on faunal elements
and facies analysis, the water salinity, water temperature, nutrients, substrate, water depth and hydrodynamic behavior were
discussed. The fne-grain size of the deposits, the loss of good connectedness and the occluding of the Nummulitetests by
other minerals could give rise to low reservoir potential. The sedimentation was afected by the tectonic activity of the Syrian
orogeny. Moreover, both external and internal mechanisms have controlled the carbonate sedimentation, basin construction
and sequence bounding surfaces

A mathematical model is concerned with the natural bioconvective flow over a radiative vertical cylinder embedded in a Darcy porous medium drenched with a nanofluid containing both nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms. The model utilized for the nanofluid consolidates the impacts of Brownian motion and thermophoresis in the presence of passively controlled boundary conditions and the Rosseland approximation is applied to characterize the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. Appropriate transformations are used to reframe the PDEs of the modeled system into a nonsimilar form. The obtained data are authenticated with an outstanding agreement. In this regard, the engineering quantities of interest are calculated widely with a greater grade of accuracy and therefore abstracted tabularly. To explain the influence of the emerging important flow-field parameters on the curves of velocity, temperature, and microorganisms concentration, as well as the local Nusselt and motile microorganism numbers. Several elucidations are carried out successfully along with detailed illustrations. The presented theoretical investigation has a considerable role in engineering where nanofluids flow is applied to organize a bioconvection process for the development of power generation and mechanical energy. One of the more important features of bioconvection is the aggregation of nanoparticles with motile microorganisms requested to augment the stability, heat and mass transmission.

Effective biosafe management strategies are used to decrease world crop damage produced by plant-parasitic nematodes. This study evaluated the efficiency of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (n-HAP) and mycorrhizal fungi to control the Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato plants. Application of n-HAP significantly increased the juveniles’ mortality (195.67%) and egg hatching inhibition percentage (80.71%) compared to the untreated control, in vitro. Mycorrhizal and/or n-HAP treatments increased the plant growth parameters (root and shoot length, dry weight, and leaf area) and reduced the negative consequence of nematode infection. This may be due to indirect mechanisms through increasing plant nutrient uptake efficiency and increasing the internal plant resistance against nematode infection. In dual-treated plants, phosphorus, nitrogen, and calcium content recorded the highest value in the nematode-infected plants. Whereas the dual inoculation significantly increased mineral contents in tomato plants compared with control, this may induce the strength of the cell wall of the epidermal layer and cortex and consequently increase the plant resistance against nematode infection. Our results revealed that the application of the plant resistance-stimulants enhanced the plant growth parameters and internal nutrient content and reduced the nematode’s criteria. Consequently, the internal plant resistance against nematode infection was induced.

The increasing global demand for petroleum oils has led to a significant increase in their cost and has led to the search for renewable alternative waste resources for biodiesel synthesis and production using novel environmentally sound and acceptable methods. In the current study, Kocuria flava lipase was immobilized on Fe₃O₄/cellulose nanocomposite; and used as a biocatalyst for the conversion of cooking oil wastes into biodiesel through the transesterification/esterification process. The characterization of Fe₃O₄/cellulose nanocomposite revealed several functional groups including carboxyl (C=O) and epoxy (C-O-C) groups that act as multipoint covalent binding sites between the lipase and the Fe₃O₄/cellulose nanocomposite and consequently increasing lipase immobility and stability. The immobilized lipase showed a high thermo-stability as it retained about 70% of its activity at 80 °C after 30 min. The kinetics of immobilized lipase revealed that the K_m and V_max values were 0.02 mM and 32.47 U/mg protein, respectively. Moreover, the immobilized lipase showed high stability and reusability for transesterification/esterification reactions for up to four cycles with a slight decline in the enzyme activity. Furthermore, the produced biodiesel characteristics were compatible with the standards, indicating that the biodiesel obtained is doable and may be utilized in our daily life as a diesel fuel.

In this work, Cu NPs were loaded at a fixed percentage (5 wt%) on 1D, (1D + 0D) and 0D ZnO nanostructures
to investigate the effect of the support morphology on the reduction of organic pollutants in water. The
synthesized materials were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray
diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption–desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results
reveal that the loading of Cu NPs decreases the optical band gap, and a slight change in the crystallite
sizes increases the specific surface area value of the nanocomposites. The TEM images reveal that 1D
ZnO has an average width of 44.7 nm and an average length of 211 nm, while 0D ZnO has an average
diameter of 54.5 nm. The HR-TEM and XPS data confirm the loading of metallic Cu NPs on the surface
of the ZnO nanostructures. The pure ZnO and nanocomposites were tested for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP)
reduction in the presence of NaBH4 at room temperature. The obtained results show that pure ZnO
nanostructures have no catalytic performance, while the nanocomposites showed good catalytic
activities. The catalytic reduction efficiency of 4-NP was found to follow the order of Cu/0DZnO > Cu/
(1D + 0D)ZnO > Cu/1DZnO. The complete reduction of 4-NP has been observed to be achievable within
60 s using the Cu/0DZnO nanocomposite, with a kapp value of 8.42 min
1 and good recyclability of up
to five cycles. This nanocomposite was then applied in the reduction of organic dyes in water; it was
found that the reduction rate constants for the methylene blue, Congo red, and acriflavine hydrochloride
dyes were 1.4 min
1, 1.2 min
1, and 3.81 min
1, respectively. The high catalytic performance of this
nanocomposite may be due to the small particle size, high specific surface area, and the high dispersion
of Cu NPs on the surface of ZnO
 

Solar-driven hydrogen production via particulate photocatalysts is a sustainable and promising way for
overcoming the current energy crisis. In this work, CdS nanoparticles were synthesized via the
precipitation method and then decorated hydrothermally by NiMoO4 nanorods. The as-prepared CdSNiMoO4 nanocomposite showed an initial hydrogen generation rate (HGR) of 130 mmol h
1 under the
visible spectrum. This represents a 7-fold increase compared to that of pure CdS. Increasing the
hydrothermal treatment temperature of the nanocomposite above 90 C was found to have a negative
impact on the H2 production efficiency. The prepared composite was subjected to various
photoelectrochemical measurements for investigating the photoelectric properties and the proposed
mechanism. The results revealed that CdS and NiMoO4 semiconductors have well-established band
structures to form a type-II heterojunction. Thus, NiMoO4 works as an electron collector that captures
the photogenerated electrons from CdS, thereby promoting the separation of e
/h+ pairs. The
improvement in the catalytic performance could also be attributed to the increase in the active catalytic
sites of CdS-NiMoO4 (SBET ¼ 335.7 m2 g
1) compared with CdS (SBET ¼ 225.5 m2 g
1). Overall, this work
sheds light on using earth abundant NiMoO4 as an effective promoter in photocatalytic applications.
 

In this work, the production of dimethyl ether (DME) from methanol over natural kaolin clay modified
through impregnation with various percentages of H2SO4, WO3, or ZrO2 catalysts was investigated.
The prepared catalysts were characterized via X‑ray fluorescence, X‑ray diffraction, Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and N2‑sorption analysis. The acidity of these
catalysts was determined through the dehydration of isopropyl alcohol and the chemisorption
of pyridine. The catalytic activity performance revealed that the addition of modifiers into kaolin
enhanced the latter’s activity toward DME production. In addition, the kaolin clay modified with
10 wt% ZrO2 exhibited excellent activity of 98% conversion with 100% selectivity at 275 °C. Moreover,
this catalyst could proceed the reaction for a long time (6 days) without any noticeable deactivation.
The remarkable improvement in the catalytic performance achievement was well correlated with the
acidity and the structure of the catalysts.