This paper develops two tempered fractional matrices that are computationally accurate, efficient,
and stable to treat myriad tempered fractional differential problems. The suggested approaches are
versatile in handling both spatial and temporal dimensions and treating integer- and fractionalorder
derivatives as well as non-tempered scenarios via utilizing pseudospectral techniques. We
depend on Lagrange basis functions, which are derived from the tempered Jacobi-Müntz functions
based on the left- and right-definitions of Erdélyi-Kober fractional derivatives. We aim to obtain
the pseudospectral-tempered fractional differentiation matrices in two distinct ways. The study
involves a numerical measurement of the condition number of tempered fractional differentiation
matrices and the time spent to create the collocation matrices and find the numerical solutions.

Onion is one of the most popular vegetables that play a major role in boosting immunity against diseases. As a result of the successive population increase, many farmers resort to excessive use of chemical plant growth enhancers to increase the crop's productivity, which causes many health and environmental problems and reduces the sustainability of the soil. Microbial phytohormones and vitamins are safe, eco-friendly, and effective natural solutions to increase the crop's productivity and maintain the soil health at the same time. To our knowledge, until know there is no information about the roles of microbial gibberellic acid (GA₃), and vitamins on the growth and quality traits of onions. Two field experiments were conducted during two consecutive winter seasons in a sandy calcareous soil farm. Two treatments were in the main plot (without and with microbial GA₃), and six were in the sub-plot (control, chemical thiamine, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and microbial ascorbic acid and riboflavin). Plant growth parameters including plant height, fresh weight, leaf number, bulb diameter, and neck diameter were recorded. Onion yield and their quality traits of sugar content, protein, antioxidants, vitamin C, phenols, flavonoids, and NPK were measured. The major findings revealed that plants treated with applications of microbial GA₃ or vitamin treatments significantly improved the onion yield, phenotypic, physiological, and biochemical characteristics in both seasons. In the majority of the measured parameters, the microbial ascorbic acid treatment outperformed the other vitamin treatments. The combination of foliar microbial GA₃ spray and vitamins, especially microbial ascorbic acid, and microbial riboflavin, produced the high onion yield, growth and quality traits of plant height, number of leaves, fresh weights, bulb diameter, sugar content, vitamin C, total antioxidants, total phenols, and flavonoids during both seasons. The application of microbial GA₃ in combination with microbial vitamins as foliar spraying are promising eco-friendly, cheap, plant bio-stimulators that could be used safely in the field, especially under low-fertility soil, for good growth, yield, and high-quality onions.

Unintentional environmental effects brought on by insecticides
encourage the creation of safer substitutes. A very polyphagous
migrating lepidopteran pest species in Africa called S. Frugiperda
causes terrible damage. In the current paper, treatment of 4-
acetylphenyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate with different aromatic
aldehydes in the presence of NaOH afforded benzylideneacetophenones.
The structure of the newly prepared compounds
were proved by different spectroscopic techniques such as IR,
1H-NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. We looked at the
association between contact with S. frugiperda and stricture
reaction to examine their harmful effect. Additionally, S.
frugiperda was used for testing the newly created compounds
for their ability to kill insects. The majority of substances have
been proven to be effective and promising. It has been found
that 4-[3-(4-Methylphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]phenyl-4-methyl benzenesulfonate
(4) was the most active with an LC50=3.46 mg/L of
2nd instar larvae and LC50=9.45 mg/L of 4th instar larvae.
Moreover, some of biological and histopathological aspects of
the synthesized products were investigated under laboratory
conditions.

Five types of heterocyclic compounds containing trifloromethylpyridine
scaffold namely; 3-cyano-2-(Nphenyl)
carbamoylmethylthio-6-(thiophen-2-yl)-4-trifluoromethyl-
pyridine (6a), thieno[2,3-b]pyridines 3–5 and 7a–c,
pyrido[3’,2’:4,5]thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidines 8–13 and 15a–c,
pyrido[3’,2’:4,5]thieno[3,2-d][1,2,3]triazines 16a,b, and 9-(thiophen-
2-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl) pyrido [3’,2’:4,5]thieno[2,3-
e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (14) were synthesized in excellent
yields and very pure state. The structures of these
compounds were confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses.
Most of the synthesized compounds were evaluated as
insecticidal agents toward Aphis gossypii insects and promising
results obtained. Among all tested compounds, only 6, 7a, 7c
and 15c being the most potent compounds against nymphs
and adults of Aphis gossypii and their activities are nearly to
that of acetamiprid as a reference. The effect of 6a compounds
7a, 7c and 15c on the Aphis digestive system from histological
point of view was also included.

Botrytis cinerea is a destructive phytopathogenic ascomycete causing severe pre- and postharvest yield losses in tomato-growing areas worldwide. Due to fungicide resistance development in B. cinerea strains, its chemical control has become a serious challenge for tomato growers. In the present investigation, 47 fungal isolates were obtained and screened for their biocontrol potency against B. cinerea, and 12 isolates showed significant biocontrol efficacy. In 12 fungal bioagents, Trichoderma harzianum isolate Tr‑3, identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence analysis, significantly suppressed the in vitro mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Furthermore, different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) of zinc nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) demonstrated remarkable suppression of in vitro mycelial growth. At higher concentrations (100 ppm) of ZnO-NPs, 88% mycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen was recorded. Moreover, foliar applications of T. harzianum suspension and ZnO-NPs in the greenhouse provided a promising control of B. cinerea infection in tomato plants, and a significant reduction in disease severity (68.5 and 83.4%, respectively) was recorded. While the foliar applications attenuate disease intensity, a significant increase in plant biomass was also recorded, which demonstrated the plant growth-promoting potential of indigenous T. harzianum and ZnO-NPs. Additionally, the antioxidant and phytochemical analysis of treated tomato leaves demonstrated higher levels of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (PO) activity in ZnO-NP-treated plants followed by T. harzianum-treated plants. Thus, these results suggested that ZnO-NPs and indigenous T. harzianum as biocontrol could suppress B. cinerea infection in the greenhouse, either directly or indirectly as resistance inducers. Therefore, ZnO-NPs and T. harzianum may be applied as an alternative to fungicides to alleviate gray mold disease in tomato caused by the resistance problems in B. cinerea.

We report herein a versatile method for synthesis of nickel-based inorganic compounds (i.e., Ni–O, Ni–S, Ni–Se, and Ni–P) from one basic nickel-cyanide-bridged coordination polymer (Ni-CP) flakes via a straightforward one-step annealing operation. Thus obtained Ni-based cocatalysts have been loaded over TiO₂ via facile incipient impregnation method to investigate performance towards H₂ production via H₂O splitting reaction. Among examined compounds, the optimized 0.5Ni-P@TiO₂ exhibited the best photocatalytic activity with a hydrogen generation rate of 7.32 mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹ compared with pristine TiO₂ (0.086 mmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹). While the 4Ni–Se@TiO₂ has revealed the strongest durability with cumulative hydrogen amount of 48.6 mmol g⁻¹ upon a 5-h reaction, which is 81-fold higher than TiO₂ at identical conditions. On the other hand, Ni–S, Ni–P, and Ni–O, impregnated with 0.5 wt% of titania, show 13, 46, and 49-fold enhancement in evolved H₂ amount higher than the bare titanium dioxide. Additionally, the mixtures have been investigated again through photo-electrochemical measurements confirming the outperforming performance of Ni–P@TiO₂ (0.5% wt). The processed synthesis methodology is economical and easy opening a door to synthesizing various transition metal compound/semiconductor composites for efficient water photocatalytic hydrogen generation.

ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using an argon plasma jet with treatment times of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. XRD Investigation verified the existence of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO and monoclinic CuO phases. The average crystallite sizes were determined to be 27.98 nm for ZnO and 26.95 nm for CuO. UV-vis absorption spectra revealed an increase in absorbance with longer plasma treatment times, attributed to heightened crosslinking and defects. Extinction coefficient and optical conductivity also demonstrated an upward trend with treatment duration. The Urbach energy, indicative of structural disorders, exhibited an increase from 0.088 to 0.112 eV for CuO and 0.102 to 0.134 eV for ZnO as treatment time increased. Additionally, the bandgap energy decreased from 3.73 to 3.53 eV for CuO and 3.90 to 3.43 eV for ZnO with prolonged treatment. This reduction in bandgap and the increases in Urbach energy, extinction coefficient, and optical conductivity with extended plasma treatment are attributed to heightened structural defects and disorders caused by plasma-induced bond breaking and crosslinking. Overall, the argon plasma jet proved effective in synthesizing ZnO and CuO NPs with tunable optical and electronic properties through the controlled adjustment of treatment time.

In the current framework, the n-SnO2/n-CdS/p-Si heterostructure was fabricated at differ-ent tin dioxide (SnO2) thicknesses (d = 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 nm). In this device,nickel (Ni) and platinum (Pt) strips were used as back and front contact electrodes, respec-tively. The structural and optical properties of the SnO2 cap layers were studied. Usinga frequency of 10  MHz, a typical dark capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristic of thefabticated heterostructure was measured to determine the electronic parameters. In orderto understand the behavior of the fabricated device under dark conditions, the current den-sity–voltage (J–V) characteristics were analyzed. The measurements showed a significantrectifying behavior, demonstrating the junction’s good rectification characteristic. Thedevices’ performance parameters, including open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit currentdensity (JSC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE), were all discoveredto be affected by the cap layer’s thickness when subjected to AM1.5 illumination. In thisstudy, the higher thickness window layer had a power conversion efficiency of 14.25%.Remarkably, the addition of a cadmium sulfide buffer layer, and changing the thicknessof the SnO2 cap layer were critical in improving the photovoltaic properties, with the suit-ability of the last SnO2 cap layer confirmed due to its good structural, optical, quantumefficiency ?, spectral photoresponsivity ℜ and photovoltaic properties.
 

Zn1-xFexO films with x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 at.% were prepared under high vacuum by the electron beam gun evaporation. The impact of Fe doping concentration on the films' structural, optical and magnetic characteristics has been taken into account. The patterns of XRD for all films at various Fe concentrations showed wurtzite-type structures. The results show that the size of nano-films reduces from 24 nm (0%) to 11 nm (0.20%) with elevating Fe content, which is owing to the difference between the ionic radii of Zn and Fe. Peaks associated with the elements to be seen were visible in the XPS spectra of undoped and 10% Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles produced by the precipitation process: zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and oxygen (O). The optical constants (n, k) of the Zn1-xFexO films were obtained by the SE measurements by an ellipsometric model, allowing for the verification of the Fe3+ ions in Fe-doped ZnO. With the addition of Fe, the energy band gap decreased from 3.44 eV to 3.28 eV. M-H measurements revealed room-temperature ferromagnetism in Fe-doped ZnO thin film. As the Fe concentration rises, the magnetization increases until it reaches a concentration of 15%, at which point it starts to decrease. This decrease in magnetization was attributable to the spinel phase, which was seen in the XRD spectra. These findings imply that Fe-doped ZnO is a highly suggested material for the creation of spintronic and optoelectronic devices.