Potato starch residue stream produced during chips manufacturing was used as an
economical source for biomass and bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Results demonstrated that 1% H2SO4 at 100 C for 1 h was enough to hydrolyze all starch
contained in the residue stream. Two strains of S. cerevisiae (y-1646 and commercial one)
were able to utilize and ferment the acid-treated residue stream under both aerobic and
semi-anaerobic conditions. The maximum yield of ethanol (5.52 g L1) was achieved at
35 C by S. cerevisiae y-1646 after 36 h when ZnCl2 (0.4 g L1) was added. Addition of NH4NO3
as a source of nitrogen did not significantly affect either growth or ethanol production by
S. cerevisiae y-1646. Some secondary by-products including alcohol derivatives and medical
active compound were found to be associated with the ethanol production process.

Potato starch residue stream produced during chips manufacturing was used as an
economical source for biomass and bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Results demonstrated that 1% H2SO4 at 100 C for 1 h was enough to hydrolyze all starch
contained in the residue stream. Two strains of S. cerevisiae (y-1646 and commercial one)
were able to utilize and ferment the acid-treated residue stream under both aerobic and
semi-anaerobic conditions. The maximum yield of ethanol (5.52 g L1) was achieved at
35 C by S. cerevisiae y-1646 after 36 h when ZnCl2 (0.4 g L1) was added. Addition of NH4NO3
as a source of nitrogen did not significantly affect either growth or ethanol production by
S. cerevisiae y-1646. Some secondary by-products including alcohol derivatives and medical
active compound were found to be associated with the ethanol production process.

Antifungal properties of the crude extracts of five medicinal plants (Artemisia judaica, Ballota undulate, Cleome amblyocarpa, Peganum harmala, and Teucrium polium) were tested against dermatophytes and emerging fungi. Ethanol extract of Ballota undulate was the most effective against all tested fungi. Paecilomyces lilacinus, P. variotii, and Candida albicans were the most sensitive organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ballota undulate ethanol extract against C. albicans, P. lilacinus, and P. variotii was 25 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis revealed that Ballota undulate ethanol extract contains 35 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbon along with some other essential oils, which could be involved in antifungal activity. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have proved that Ballota undulate ethanol extract exhibits fungicidal effect on P. lilacinus through alterations in hyphal structures including budding of hyphal tip, anomalous structure, such as swelling, decrease in cytoplasmic content, with clear separation of cytoplasm from cell wall in hyphae. SEM clearly showed distorted mycelium, squashed and flattened conidiophores bearing damaged metullae. Eventually, the mycelia became papillated, flattened, and empty. Puncturing and squashing of hyphae as well as complete cell wall disruption were clear signs of complete death of hyphae.

Electrochemical reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and square
wave voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex is irreversible.
A reduction mechanism is proposed comprising a one-electron reduction of the Cu2+ directly within the complex.
The sharp peak of the adsorbed dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex associated with an effective interfacial accumulation
facilitates the determination of the anticancer drug dacarbazine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological
fluids. Detection limits for dacarbazine of 6.121010 M, 1.571010 M and 1.97109 M were achieved for the determination
of the drug in vial, human urine and serum, respectively.

Electrochemical reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and square
wave voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex is irreversible.
A reduction mechanism is proposed comprising a one-electron reduction of the Cu2+ directly within the complex.
The sharp peak of the adsorbed dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex associated with an effective interfacial accumulation
facilitates the determination of the anticancer drug dacarbazine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological
fluids. Detection limits for dacarbazine of 6.121010 M, 1.571010 M and 1.97109 M were achieved for the determination
of the drug in vial, human urine and serum, respectively.

Electrochemical reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and square
wave voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex is irreversible.
A reduction mechanism is proposed comprising a one-electron reduction of the Cu2+ directly within the complex.
The sharp peak of the adsorbed dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex associated with an effective interfacial accumulation
facilitates the determination of the anticancer drug dacarbazine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological
fluids. Detection limits for dacarbazine of 6.121010 M, 1.571010 M and 1.97109 M were achieved for the determination
of the drug in vial, human urine and serum, respectively.

Electrochemical reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and square
wave voltammetry at a hanging mercury drop electrode. The reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex is irreversible.
A reduction mechanism is proposed comprising a one-electron reduction of the Cu2+ directly within the complex.
The sharp peak of the adsorbed dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex associated with an effective interfacial accumulation
facilitates the determination of the anticancer drug dacarbazine in pharmaceutical formulations and biological
fluids. Detection limits for dacarbazine of 6.121010 M, 1.571010 M and 1.97109 M were achieved for the determination
of the drug in vial, human urine and serum, respectively.