The addition of 0.5 mM ascorbic acid (AsA) to the hydroponic growth solution of
young soybean cultivars, cvs (Glycine max Exford, high sensitive and G. max Giza
21, low sensitive) under normal growth, conditions provided protection against
subsequent salinity stress. This observation was confirmed by fresh and dry matter
contents, dose of response, total water content photosynthetic pigments, transpiration
rate, AsA contents, membrane stability index, K+ leakage and minerals (Na+, K+
content, translocation, uptake and K+/Na+ ratio). In addition, analysis of antioxidant
enzymes showed that AsA pretreatment causes an increase in catalase (EC 1.11.1.6),
ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (EC 1.11.1.11) and guaiacol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7)
activities under salinity stress. The seedlings of two soybean cultivars differing in salt
sensitivity were treated with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 M NaCl for 3 days.

The presence of the genetic toxic chemicals in the aquatic environment increased. This study aimed
using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to investigate the genotoxic effects of
4-nonylphenol in adults and embryos of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. After exposure of adults and
embryos to sublethel concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1 mg/l) for 15 days, DNA was
extracted for RAPD assay. The RAPD pattern from catfish exposed to 4-nonylphenol displayed some
changes in polymorphism band patterns including disappearance and appearance of bands. Cluster
method was used to indicate the distinct distance between the band patterns of exposed fish and the
control. In conclusion, the RAPD-PCR is method can be used as an investigation tools for the
evaluation of the genetic damage of the catfish induced by the exposure to 4-nonylphenol.

The presence of the genetic toxic chemicals in the aquatic environment increased. This study aimed
using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to investigate the genotoxic effects of
4-nonylphenol in adults and embryos of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. After exposure of adults and
embryos to sublethel concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1 mg/l) for 15 days, DNA was
extracted for RAPD assay. The RAPD pattern from catfish exposed to 4-nonylphenol displayed some
changes in polymorphism band patterns including disappearance and appearance of bands. Cluster
method was used to indicate the distinct distance between the band patterns of exposed fish and the
control. In conclusion, the RAPD-PCR is method can be used as an investigation tools for the
evaluation of the genetic damage of the catfish induced by the exposure to 4-nonylphenol.

The presence of the genetic toxic chemicals in the aquatic environment increased. This study aimed
using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) assay to investigate the genotoxic effects of
4-nonylphenol in adults and embryos of African catfish Clarias gariepinus. After exposure of adults and
embryos to sublethel concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.1 mg/l) for 15 days, DNA was
extracted for RAPD assay. The RAPD pattern from catfish exposed to 4-nonylphenol displayed some
changes in polymorphism band patterns including disappearance and appearance of bands. Cluster
method was used to indicate the distinct distance between the band patterns of exposed fish and the
control. In conclusion, the RAPD-PCR is method can be used as an investigation tools for the
evaluation of the genetic damage of the catfish induced by the exposure to 4-nonylphenol.

The present study investigated effects of environmental relevant concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0.05
to 0.08 to 0.1 mg/l) on the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of catfish (Clarias
gariepinus). To determine the effect of 4-nonylphenol on reproduction; catfish were exposed to three
concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in a flow-through-system during spawning period (some for one week
and other for two weeks). At an estimated 4-nonylphenol concentration the fertilization rate and
hatching rate were significantly decreased with 4-nonylphenol concentrations increasing while the
incubation period, the mortality rate and malformed embryos ratio were increased. Also, the
development of embryos and larvae was affected by 4-nonylphenol in terms of morphological changes
and histopathological alterations.

The present study investigated effects of environmental relevant concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0.05
to 0.08 to 0.1 mg/l) on the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of catfish (Clarias
gariepinus). To determine the effect of 4-nonylphenol on reproduction; catfish were exposed to three
concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in a flow-through-system during spawning period (some for one week
and other for two weeks). At an estimated 4-nonylphenol concentration the fertilization rate and
hatching rate were significantly decreased with 4-nonylphenol concentrations increasing while the
incubation period, the mortality rate and malformed embryos ratio were increased. Also, the
development of embryos and larvae was affected by 4-nonylphenol in terms of morphological changes
and histopathological alterations.

The present study investigated effects of environmental relevant concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (0.05
to 0.08 to 0.1 mg/l) on the reproduction and embryonic developmental stages of catfish (Clarias
gariepinus). To determine the effect of 4-nonylphenol on reproduction; catfish were exposed to three
concentrations of 4-nonylphenol in a flow-through-system during spawning period (some for one week
and other for two weeks). At an estimated 4-nonylphenol concentration the fertilization rate and
hatching rate were significantly decreased with 4-nonylphenol concentrations increasing while the
incubation period, the mortality rate and malformed embryos ratio were increased. Also, the
development of embryos and larvae was affected by 4-nonylphenol in terms of morphological changes
and histopathological alterations.

Spoilage date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits were used as substrate for acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) production by mixed culture of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 4451. B. subitlis was used to consume O2 and maintain strict anaerobic conditions for ABE production by the strictly anaerobic C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The total ABE production of 21.56 g L−1 was achieved at 75 g L−1 spoilage date fruits homogenate. The maximum ABE productivity of 0.30 g L−1 h−1 and ABE yield of 0.42 were obtained at 75 g L−1 spoilage date fruits homogenate by mixed culture without addition of a reducing agent and N2 flushing. Addition of yeast extract (5 g L−1) or ammonium nitrate (1.6 g L−1) to spoilage date fruits homogenate significantly enhanced ABE production. The combination of yeast extract and ammonium nitrate markedly increased ABE production. These results suggest that spoilage date fruits can be efficiently used for commercial ABE production. The described protocol did not require addition of any costly reducing agent to medium or flushing with N2 to ensure anaerobic conditions. This will makes the anaerobic fermentation of date fruits homogenate more economical and reduces the cost of ABE production

Spoilage date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits were used as substrate for acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE) production by mixed culture of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 4451. B. subitlis was used to consume O2 and maintain strict anaerobic conditions for ABE production by the strictly anaerobic C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The total ABE production of 21.56 g L−1 was achieved at 75 g L−1 spoilage date fruits homogenate. The maximum ABE productivity of 0.30 g L−1 h−1 and ABE yield of 0.42 were obtained at 75 g L−1 spoilage date fruits homogenate by mixed culture without addition of a reducing agent and N2 flushing. Addition of yeast extract (5 g L−1) or ammonium nitrate (1.6 g L−1) to spoilage date fruits homogenate significantly enhanced ABE production. The combination of yeast extract and ammonium nitrate markedly increased ABE production. These results suggest that spoilage date fruits can be efficiently used for commercial ABE production. The described protocol did not require addition of any costly reducing agent to medium or flushing with N2 to ensure anaerobic conditions. This will makes the anaerobic fermentation of date fruits homogenate more economical and reduces the cost of ABE production

The kinetics of chromic acid oxidation of chondroitin-4-sulfate polysaccharide as sulfated carbohydrates
at a constant ionic strength of 4.0 mol dm−3 has been investigated, spectrophotometrically. The reaction
kinetics showed a first-order dependence in chromic acid and fractional-first-order kinetics with respect
to the chondroitin-4-sulfate concentration. The influence of [H+] on the reaction rates showed that the
oxidation process is acid-catalyzed. Added Mn2+ ions indicated the formation of Cr(IV) as intermediate
species. A kinetic evidence for formation of 1:1 intermediate complex was revealed. The kinetic parameters
have been evaluated and a tentative reaction mechanism in good consistent with the kinetic results
obtained is discussed.